UN ID Number Definition for Chemicals

A United Nations Number –Â  also called a UN number or UN ID –Â  is a four digit code used to identify flammable and harmful chemicals. Non-hazardous chemicals are not given UN numbers. UN numbers are assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and range from UN0001 to about UN3534. However, UN 0001, UN 0002, and UN 0003 are no longer in use. In some cases, specific chemicals are assigned a UN ID, while in other cases, a number can apply to a group of products with similar properties. If a chemical behaves differently as a liquid than as a solid, two different numbers may be assigned. For the most part, NA numbers (North America numbers) from the United States Department of Transportation are identical to UN numbers. In some cases, a NA number exists where a UN number has not been assigned.There are a few exceptions, including the identifier for asbestos and that for non-pressurized self-defense spray. Use of UN Numbers The primary purpose for the codes is to regulate modes of transport for hazardous chemicals and provide key information for emergency response teams in the event of an accident. The codes may also be used to identify storage incompatibilities. UN Number Examples UN numbers are only assigned for hazardous materials, such as explosives, oxidizers, toxins, and flammable substances. The first number in modern use is UN0004, is for ammonium picrate, present at less than 10% by mass. The UN for acrylamide is UN2074. Gunpowder is identified by UN0027. Air bag modules are indicated by UN0503.

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture Essay - 1228 Words

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture What is it that we mean when we say ‘the architecture of the city’? What are cities planned to be? Why should we plan anything? When we plan ahead, we perhaps have a goal in mind. What is this goal, for an architect or an urban designer? Simply putting it, their goal is to make environments in which man can live in ways better than he could before. Right from the early times, when shelter meant only a roof over ones head, or when taking shelter meant seeking protection inside a cave or getting under the tree cover, man sought to improve his living conditions. He sought shelter that was more comfortable than the one he had before. From caves and trees, man moved to mud huts and†¦show more content†¦We live our lives through our daily experiences. Each of us gathers a new set of experiences every day that are different from those of any other of our fellow beings. What we are is an outcome of the experiences we have had. And therefore, what I am, decides what I do. My needs are based on my experiences in life. How am I to know what the needs are of all the people on this earth? Must not the people, all of them, think sometimes about the spaces we design for them and how these affect their lives? Why should people accept what architects give them? Does an architect know so much about life to take all decisions about living environments on his own? I begin to think about the experiences within different environments that I have had in recent times. How do my surroundings affect me? What are the thought patterns that these environments generate? There are images reproduced in my mind in the form of mental sketches, that my mind captured, at the beach, on the street, within a building, on the bus or in the church. Usually, of the human senses, it is the eye that over-rides the others. While the eyes see, visual images form in the mind. These images come together. The mind derives meaning in their coming together. This meaning takes the form of tho ught. So, a thought occurs. likewise It is followed by another thought. Visual images are the unbiased pictures seen through the viewfinder of the eyes camera, but the thought patternsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Modern and Post-Modernism Architecture 1070 Words   |  5 PagesThere is often some confusion when people start talking about the post-modernism and modernism in architecture in terms of   their philosophical terminology differences. Modern architecture is known for its minimalism (Linder, 2004); buildings were functional and economical rather than comfortable and beautifully decorated. 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Religion, Gods, and the heavens where the key factors in creating Mesopotamian Ziggurats, Egyptian Pyramids, Greek Temples, Christian Basilicas, Islamic Mosques, andRead MoreThe Concept Of Modern Design1483 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpreted in many ways, but in all, it strives to create a lasting form that will withstand generations. Throughout time architecture is not only shaped by the aesthetics of stylistic design but also the emotional impact a building can create. After witnessing the horrors from the First World War people wanted an alternative or a ‘return to order,’ and began to favor architecture that was more charming and organic, promoting the philosophy of harmony between individuals and their homes. Combining withRead MoreThe Psychology of Architecture Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesArchitecture is a fascinating business that encompasses the art and science of designing with the construction of buildings. An architect designs all kind of buildings, such as schools, churches, houses, restaurants, and more. This profession has been around since the 1st century CE when Vitruvius, a Roman architect, called it De architectura. Architects have to have a wide range of knowledge. For example they need to have good communications skill, so they can take the information of what a clientRead MoreThe Metaphor Of Architecture In Ayn Rands Fountainhead1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Metaphor of Architecture in The Fountainhead At the outset of her novel The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand delivers an unorthodox artistic theme. Unlike other conventional art forms like poetry, painting, or music that dwell upon human emotion, the unique theme bears its roots within the realm of reason and rational thought. The art of architecture is observed as the medium for which the implied values of selfishness, individuality, and independence are revealed. In formalizing the essentialRead MoreSustainable Architecture993 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Green Architecture† has been popularized and as a result a modicum of energy efficiency has increased and also it has substantiated a new perspective, a new versatile way on architecture. Now days, the world is intended to be in a worst scenario ever imagined. Climates, global warming and furthermore problems. However, I have noticed new changes, universally speaking, yet renewable energy has also been popularized to our world and I addition, it became part of Sustainable Architecture. â€Å"Sustainable

Scarface Free Essays

To The History And Theory Of Film (HA1148) Assessment 1: Essay Plan The question which I will be attempting to answer is number 1) Write a close film analysis of a short (5 -15 mins. ) sequence/scene from a module – related film. Your analysis should consider at least four of the elements of film form discussed on the module: mise-en-sce? ne, editing, cinematography, shot type, camera movement, sound and narrative function. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarface or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the connotation of these aspects, i. e. how do they contribute to the meaning, character, story or mood?I will be basing my discussion on the 1983 film Scarface directed by Brian De Palma. The scene I intend to focus on is the final scene of the film which I like to call â€Å"Tony’s downfall† which lasts for about ten minutes. I aim to talk about the following film forms: mise-en-sce? ne, camera movement, sound and narrative function. A little summary and backdrop of some of the issues surrounding the film are also necessary for critical analysis. Many of Brian De Palma’s films share the same techniques, but there are many differences aswell.The director seems to have a liking of gangster films producing two classics, â€Å"The Untouchables† and â€Å"Scarface. † These films share many similarities but are filmed from two different perspectives, from the side of the mafia, (Scarface), and from the side of the police, (The Untouchables). Both the films conclude with main mafia gangster paying for his crimes, but in very different ways. The similarities of the suspense music and film techniques used in De Palma’s films are very noticeable.One of Brian De Palma’s strongest points in his film making techniques is his ability to create suspense. I will be elaborating on this in my essay when talking about the use of Sound and the meaning and impact it attempts to create. There are issues of the American Dream and the Cuban crime wave to consider and how they intersperse together in the film and what influence they had within the film. The film follows the life of Tony Montana and his close friend Manny Ray otherwise known as Manolo from their trip on the Cuban Boat Lift for refugees, to their arrival in Miami.After killing a powerful Cuban figure, Montana and company gain the ability to leave their refugee camps and roam around the U. S. After unsuccessfully trying to make it legitimately in the country, Montana and Manny resort to selling cocaine to  dealers around the world. De Palma altered the conventional narrative form in which you might expect from a gangster film. You might get the typical gangster who’s a badass straight away and continues on a very predictable path, but De Palma who films the narrative form from the gangster’s point of view shows us (the audience) a more in depth lifestyle of a gangster.De Palma portrays the failure of the American Dream, the modern view being that attaining power and happiness. In Scarface, Tony Montana attempts this dream and believed that he would have been happy once achieving power, but of course we know too well what happens.Bibliography: http://twgsbmedia08asgroup1. blogspot. com/2008/10/scarface-analysis. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/films/2001/02/08/scarface_1983_review. shtml How to cite Scarface, Papers

How Leadership Influences Culture and Theories of Leadership at Enron

Questions: Describe Leadership in Enron. Explain the following: 1. How what happened at Enron can be explained by some of the theories of leadership? 2. How leadership influences culture? 3. How to minimize the type of unethical behavior demonstrated above? Answers: Introduction Leadership originates when there is a relationship. The basic human relationship involves two people, though a relationship can involve a lot of people for instance in an organization. To fulfill an objective in a relationship, people normally differ in their way of perceiving things and in other various ways. Hence, leadership is always needed in such situations to prevent scandals that may rise due to everyone wanting their will to predominate. Leadership enables decision making to be an easy process because if a person differs then he or she would have to give up his or idea, hence forming a hierarchy. Leadership is very important but if it is not appropriate then would fail in achieving the objects set. For instance, Enron had the potential to grow. Because of the leadership style and the type of leaders it had it ended up bankrupt and failing. Thus, leadership is a crucial aspect for the success of the organization. Enron Company The story concerns Enron which is the United States based company. The Company began in 1986 after the merging of Houston natural gas and Internoth. Enron grew into a big company and ventured into producing many different products and services relating to natural gas, electricity, and communications. It had 22,000 employees as at the statistics of 2001. But due to insolvency, Enron collapsed. This was mainly influenced by the market losing confidence in Enron due to the profit and asset write down. The main reason why Enron had collapsed was because it had a lot of imaginary assets and expected earnings which were to lay a foundation for their objective, to rise into a fortune. In the meanwhile, the company had large of debts which were kept secret. From the year 1997 to summer 2001, the company reports had exclusive results that showed that the company met or exceeded their rising targets. The management developed a false partnership that resulted in the sale of assets. The dispute developed among the executives leading to the draining of the companys funds. Creating blackout in California and raising the electricity prices was an example of unethical practice performed by the executives of Enron. The CEO in an interview defended this act saying that the company acted according to the rules set to the marketplace. The CEO resigned later and sold all his stock in the company. The company appointed a new CEO. He tried to bring out the value of the companys shares by talking to investors and the public to ensure that the direction in which Enron was heading to was the right one. Despite this, the other executives were selling their shares. The management of Enron failed in executing their responsibilities. They had a role to ensure that every employees action is for the benefit of the company. However, this was not the case as even some of the executives were involved in the scandals. The leadership of any organization is done by the executives. Their actions influence greatly the actions of other employees and hence they should always act to the very best of the organization. Enron was not an exception thus the bad actions of the executive and senior management lead to the failure of the company. The culture adopted by Enron also contributed to its failure. The business culture constituted of individualism and it lead to the erosion of employees ethics. The company gave bonuses to those who had high amounts of profits and sacked out employees with low amounts of profit. This encouraged the employees to manipulate the amounts of profits they had. It should be that rewards and bonuses should be given according to the way an employee has delivered the ethical values and not according to the results obtained as in the case of Enron. It is beyond doubt that Enron gave appraisal to those employees with the unethical behaviors and disregarded the employees who were true . Due to the inappropriate leadership of Enron, the company went down in United History as one that had the largest and most complex corruption case. This had a lot of effects on very many people, both investors, and employees. (1). There are various theories of leadership and this include; behavioral theory, great man theory, trait theory, contingency theory, transactional leadership theory, and transformational theory. The great man theory began in the 19th century. It says that the traits of leadership comes from within and cannot be obtained. According to this theory, leaders are destined right from their time of birth (Lussier Achua, 2015. This theory came about as a result of studying the heroes and legends. The trait theory generally identifies characters in an individual that makes him or her to naturally be a good leader (Northouse, 2015). Such qualities include; critical thinking, intelligence, problem-solving skills among many others. The theory identifies some of the social, physical, and mental characteristics that make one to be a great leader. This theory has got a limitation because not all those who have the leadership qualities make good leaders. Behavioral theory is more or less the same as t he trait theory. This theory is mainly concerned about the behaviors of the leaders in contrast to their mental, physical and social qualities (Shek Chung, 2015). This theory proves that a person can become a good leader even if he or she does not pose the leadership qualities. Behavioral theory is analyzed into categories; analyzing behaviors according to the task performed by the leader and the behaviors according to how the leader interacts with people. Contingency theory outlines that there are no particular ways of leading as the leadership style to be adopted will depend on the situation at hand. The transactional leadership theory outlines that the leadership style to be used will depend on the relationship of the leader and his followers. In this case, both the leader and the follower are to benefit (Miner, 2015). For this theory to be effective, the leader must find a way on how to set regulations for the performances of the followers. For instance rewarding a follower for good performance and punishing a follower in the case of a bad performance. The transactional theory is usually applicable in the case where there goals and objectives set that are to be achieved. Transformational leadership theory mainly majors on the interaction between a leader and follower that increases motivation on both sides. In this theory, the leader should be able to transform their followers positively through their nature and good personalities. The above leadership theories were observed in the case study described above. In this case, the behavioral theory was more dominant than the others. The behaviors of an individual will determine the kind of a leader he or she is. In Enron did not have acceptable behaviors, they engaged in unethical acts and lied to the public by manipulating their earnings and hiding their losses. From search behaviors, the behavioral theory refers to those leaders as incapable. Transactional leadership theory was also applicable in Enron. Enron was a company that had set goals and objectives. There had to be a relationship between the executives and employees that both had to benefit. In order not to put the benefits of the set objectives, rules and policies are policies are always put that are to be adhered to. In the case of Enron, the leaders neglected their duties and the companys objectives and pursued their personal interest. Most of the employees also followed the example that had been set b y their leaders. In most organizations, employees are not always aware of what should be done and need leaders to show them away. In such a case transformational leadership theory is applied, where the leaders actions and nature transform the employees. The transformational theory was negatively applied at Enron where the employees engaged in negative actions. However, the type of leadership thus not defines how great a leader is but instead, it will depend on the leader. Hence, leaders should always aim at giving positive impacts to their followers. (2). Culture can be defined as the values of an organization and this will influence how individuals in an organization behave. A good culture is one that aims at the diversity and influencing the actions of the employees to adhere to the strategies set (Li , 2016). Leadership can be influenced by culture in the following ways; Through the visions and strategies put in place by the leaders. In order to achieve the objectives, strategies that would help achieve the objective are always important to put in place to help set regulations that employees are to adhere to. In the case of Enron, the strategies in place were not so effective and hence did not create a culture that would the Employees to achieve objectives. Through the leaders putting in place ethics that support specific values. The implementation of the actions is what counts. Ethics are developed to demonstrate values to the employees. It is advisable for leaders to perform actions that bring out the values. And as such leaders should be able to lead by examples. Such type of leadership would lead to the formation of an ethical culture where values are not just spoken of but are performed. The developed values should be used to achieve the companys set objectives. Developing a plan that will help in empowering the employees. This a situation where the leader gives his or her followers power to make the decision on their own. In the case of an organization, the employee empowered is given responsibility, authority and will be accountable for each and every action that he or she performs (Markus Kitayama, 1991. It is also a way of creating leadership in all units of the organization. Empowerment helps in creating a sense of responsibilities in the employees and also to show that they can be entrusted. Each and every organization should always try to empower their employees since it does not create a sense of responsibility but it also nurtures their leadership skills. (3). Due to the Enrons unethical behavior, electricity prices in California were raising and this became expensive for the residents. The rise in prices was due to blackouts. The following are ways in which such unethical behaviors can be reduced: a. Putting in place policies and practices that would regulate how an employee performs his or her duties. The policies will also help in identifying and reporting cases on those who violate the ethical code of conduct. Policies are not just enough but putting them into practice will make them more effective. b. The employees to be employed should have the qualifications for the work. When an employee has enough experience then he or she is able to understand the importance of keeping up to the policies even without being followed up. He or she will also be able to make right decisions when faced with a situation where the choice counts. Such employees are vital for the development of the organization. c. The roles of each employee should be clearly defined to each and every person. This will make them understand the objectives, policies and the reasons for putting them in place in an organization. Organizing training and seminars for the employees would help enforce this. d. Developing the necessary control measures. This could be action control among others. These controls ensure that the employees do their work as it is required of them. The controls should always aim at upholding values in an employee and not to rely on results because some good results are not obtained in the right way. Conclusion Enron even to date is still being used to set an example to other organizations over the unethical practices that lead to its collapse. For such a case not be repeated every organization must ensure that its leadership style is one that would influence ethical practices among members to ensure positive results that would help in its growth. References Berry, L.M. and Houston, J.P., 1993. Psychology at work. WCB/McGraw-Hill. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., 1975. Intrinsic motivation. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Drucker, P.F., 2007. Management challenges for the 21st century. Routledge. Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K.H., 1993. Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources . Prentice-Hall, Inc. Levi, D., 2016. Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Li, Y., 2016. The Impact of Leadership Behavior on Employee Engagement (Doctoral dissertation, LAWRENCE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY). Lussier, R. and Achua, C., 2015. Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S., 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), p.224. Miner, J.B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mitchell, R., Boyle, B., Parker, V., Giles, M., Chiang, V. and Joyce, P., 2015. Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), pp.217-239. Murphy, S.E. and Johnson, S.K., 2016. Leadership and Leader Developmental Self Efficacy: Their Role in Enhancing Leader Development Efforts. New directions for student leadership, 2016(149), pp.73-84. Ng, E.S. and Stephenson, J., 2015. Individuals, Teams, and Organizational Benefits of Managing Diversity. The Oxford Handbook of Diversity in Organizations, p.235. Northouse, P.G., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Prochaska, F., Sampayo, J. and Carter, B., 2015. DISC Factors. Available at SSRN 2686882. Ros, M., Schwartz, S.H. and Surkiss, S., 1999. Basic individual values, work values, and the meaning of work. Applied psychology, 48(1), pp.49-71. Shek, D.T. and Chung, P. eds., 2015. Promoting Service Leadership Qualities in University Students: The Case of Hong Kong (Vol. 6). Springer.

Legal Drinking Age free essay sample

The social, health and emotional problems associated with alcohol abuse have led some politicians and commentators to suggest that the legal drinking age should be raised from 18 years to 21 years. Do you agree? Give reasons and supporting evidence for your answer. The issue of whether Australia should raise the legal drinking age to twenty-one or keep it at eighteen is a widely debated topic, this essay will educate and argue points in favour of the drinking age being raised. write my essay for me Alcohol is the most widely consumed drug in the world (Shannon 2002), and is the most prevailing drug used by Australian high school students (Yalom 1996). In Australia, it is illegal for people under the age of eighteen to buy, receive, possess, or drink alcohol in a hotel or other public place such as streets, parks and beaches (Shannon 2002). Reducing alcohol consumption by young people through a raise in the drinking age should be a priority for the Australian community and government. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Drinking Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will attempt to argue three main points in favour of the Australian legal alcohol drinking age being raised from eighteen years to twenty-one years. Firstly, the dangerously close ages of legally consuming alcohol and legally driving a motor vehicle; secondly, the health issues related to the consumption of alcohol amongst young people; and thirdly, some positive points that have come from the United States after the drinking age was raised from eighteen to twenty-one. In Australia, a person can, at the earliest, gain their drivers licence at the age of seventeen; only one year before s/he can legally consume alcohol. Drink driving is one of the greatest problems caused by alcohol. Biddulph (2003), states that drivers under the influence of alcohol suffer from impaired vision, perception, judgement, and reaction due to the effect on the central nervous system that alcohol has. Biddulph also states that due to slower reaction times, limited coordination, and lack of attentiveness, which are all crucial to driving, young drivers become increasingly prone to being injured or even killed in a car accident. A report by the National Drug Research Institute in 2000 found that alcohol was involved in one third of all serious car accidents in Australia, causing more than 400 road deaths and 7700 serious road injuries on average per year (Shannon 2002, page 14). Car accidents caused by drivers under the influence do not always end in the driver being injured or killed, many times the lives of innocent people are ruined because of another person’s foolishness and lack of awareness. The penalties received for driving under the influence may be harsh, but they are relatively insignificant when compared to the costs in lives of many accidents caused by drink drivers. By raising the drinking age to twenty-one, the Australian government would be protecting the people most likely to suffer from alcohol related harm, because the likelihood of people contributing to such harm would have been lowered. Young people will become more experienced, safer drivers on the roads and be less tempted to drive after consuming alcohol, which will, in turn, lower the number of possible accidents on Australian roads through the act of raising the legal drinking age in Australia to twenty-one. As well as the issues involved with driving under the influence, there are many health issues that come with drinking alcohol at a young age. Shannon (2002) explains that younger people do not have enough experience with alcohol to know how much is too much, which is why many young people result in getting intoxicated and drunk at social gatherings. By drinking too much alcohol, which many people around 17-19 do, great strain is put on the organs in a body, especially the liver and the brain. Scientists have told us that the brain does not finish developing until a person is twenty years of age; the final part of the brain to develop is the part that makes responsible judgements (Shannon 2002). Through drinking alcohol at the young age of eighteen, critical brain development is damaged and irresponsible choices and judgements will most probably result. By raising the drinking age to twenty-one, the brain is able to fully develop every part, ensuring a healthy future. Other health issues directly related to drinking at a young age include a loss of memory, a poor school performance, and possible injuries and mortalities. When young people drink excessively, they will begin to notice a decreasing level of memory. Biddulph (2003) tells us that up to ten per cent of a person’s memory can be lost within a given period. Memory loss is the most noticeable complaint of young people. At age seventeen a person graduates from their last year of high school; in the year of s/he turning eighteen they begin their further studies at university or TAFE. The average time spent doing further education is approximately four years, from eighteen to the year a person turns twenty-one. During these vital first years of further education, under the current drinking law, a person has the freedom to be under the influence of alcohol, harming the brains development and also creating a loss of memory, neither of which would help a person undergoing further studying. Additionally, alcohol can also be directly related to a poor school performance by a person. This is because a poor performance academic wise has been linked with young alcohol abuse (Biddulph 2003). Alcohol decreases a student’s ability to consistently meet the rigors of school work, because alcohol abuse clouds a person’s mental capacities and influences motivation and attitudes about achievement. Thirdly, alcohol can ignite possible injuries and mortalities. A study shows that alcohol caused more than 100,000 deaths annually, and one person every two minutes is injured in an alcohol related accident in the United States (Biddulph 2003). As alcohol consumption increases, so to does the likelihood of traffic accidents, deaths, and criminal violence. Healey (2007) states that â€Å"Young people engaged in more risky behaviours when they drink, 25% of people aged 18-24 experienced alcohol related injuries, compared to 18% of adults†. He also found that â€Å"50% of cases of domestic, physical and sexual violence† amongst young people were due to being under the influence of alcohol (page 37). By raising the legal drinking age, young people will be supported in their studies, helping them in the long run both academically and physically in relation to their health. The third major point in favour of a raised drinking age are the positives that have come from the United States after they raised the legal age from eighteen to twenty-one. Drinking alcohol should be delayed for as long as possible, this is because the older teenagers are before starting to drink, the less likely they are to use alcohol excessively. Initially, the United States’ main aim of raising the legal drinking age was to reduce the serious consequences that alcohol has on youth, which in Lenk (2009)’s opinion, has been a success. By raising the drinking age to an age of greater maturity, alcohol abuse is decreased. Evidence from the United States shows us that lowering the legal drinking age increased consumption as well as related problems; while increasing the drinking age has reduced problems and ultimately saved the lives of many young people (Lenk 2009). Given that young Australian lives are at risk, we cannot afford to forget what a cost to America an eighteen drinking age was and how much of a success a raised twenty-one years drinking age was. George Santayana (historian) once said â€Å"Those who cannot remember their past are condemned to repeat it† (Lenk 2009, page 7). In conclusion, the physical consequences and health problems surrounded by consuming alcohol in addition to the proven success of the United States raised legal drinking age has proved that Australia too should raise the legal drinking age to twenty-one years. Through the evidence provided it is clear that a person’s health can be greatly damaged permanently because at the age of eighteen, a person’s body is not fully developed or capable of taking large amounts of alcohol when compared to a person at the age of twenty-one who has greater maturity levels, more life experience, and a fully developed brain as well as other organs. At age eighteen, a person has a greater vulnerability to alcohol and its effects, leaving them more likely to indulge in risky behaviour. Therefore, to protect not only the lives of Australia’s youth, but also of all Australians, raising the drinking age to twenty-one years of age is the best choice to make as it comes with more positives than an eighteen legal alcohol consumption age does. Reference list Biddulph, S. (2003). Alcohol: What’s a parent to believe? Minnesota: Hazelden. Pp:34, 37-39. Healey, J. (2007). Alcohol abuse. Australia: The Spinney Press. Pp: 1, 3, 11-13, 19, 27-31. Lenk, L. Nelson, T. Toomey, T. The age-21 minimum legal drinking age. Policy case studies Pp: 1, 7. Doi: 10. 1111/j. 1360-04 43. 2009. 027 42. x Shannon, M. (2002). Drugs in Australia: alcohol. Australia: Binara Publishing Pty Ltd. Pp:4-16. Yalom, I. (1996). Treating adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pp: 77-78.

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution Arnold Expedition - Conflict Dates: The Arnold Expedition took place from September to November 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Arnold Expedition - Army Commander: Colonel Benedict Arnold1,100 men Arnold Expedition - Background: Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen approached the Second Continental Congress with arguments in favor of invading Canada.   They felt this a prudent course as all of Quebec was held by around 600 regulars and intelligence indicated that the French-speaking population would be favorably inclined towards the Americans.   Additionally, they pointed out that Canada could serve as a platform for British operations down Lake Champlain and the Hudson Valley.   These arguments were initially rebuffed as Congress expressed concern over angering the residents of Quebec.   As the military situation shifted that summer, this decision was reversed and Congress directed Major General Philip Schuyler of New York to advance north via the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River corridor. Unhappy that he had not been chosen to lead the invasion, Arnold traveled north to Boston and met with General George Washington whose army was conducting a siege of the city.   During their meeting, Arnold proposed taking a second invasion force north via Maines Kennebec River, Lake Mà ©gantic, and Chaudià ¨re River.   This would then unite with Schuyler for a combined assault on Quebec City.   Corresponding with Schuyler, Washington obtained the New Yorkers agreement with Arnolds proposal and gave the colonel permission to commence planning the operation.   To transport the expedition, Reuben Colburn was contracted to build a fleet of bateaux (shallow draft boats) in Maine. Arnold Expedition - Preparations: For the expedition, Arnold selected a force of 750 volunteers which was divided into two battalions led by Lieutenant Colonels Roger Enos and Christopher Greene.   This was augmented by companies of riflemen led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Morgan.   Numbering around 1,100 men, Arnold expected his command to be able to cover the 180 miles from Fort Western (Augusta, ME) to Quebec in around twenty days.   This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61.   Though Montresor was a skilled military engineer, his map lacked detail and possessed inaccuracies.   Having gathered supplies, Arnolds command moved to Newburyport, MA where it embarked for the Kennebec River on September 19.   Ascending the river, it arrived at Colburns home in Gardiner the next day. Coming ashore, Arnold was disappointed in the bateaux constructed by Colburns men.   Smaller than anticipated, they were also built from green wood as sufficient dried pine had not been available.   Briefly pausing to permit additional bateaux to be assembled, Arnold dispatched parties north to Forts Western and Halifax.   Moving upstream, the bulk of the expedition reached Fort Western by September 23.   Departing two days later, Morgans men took the lead while Colburn followed the expedition with a group of boatwrights to make repairs as necessary.   Though the force reached the last settlement on the Kennebec,  Norridgewock Falls, on October 2,  problems were already widespread as the green wood led to the bateaux leaking badly which in turn destroyed food and supplies.   Similarly, worsening weather caused health issues throughout the expedition.   Ã‚         Arnold Expedition - Trouble in the Wilderness: Forced to portage the bateaux around Norridgewock Falls, the expedition was delayed for a week due to the effort required to move the boats overland.   Pushing on, Arnold and his men entered the Dead River before arriving at the Great Carrying Place on October 11.   This portage around an unnavigable stretch of the river stretched for twelve miles and included an elevation gain of around 1,000 feet.   Progress continued to be slow and supplies became an increasing concern.   Returning to the river on October 16, the expedition, with Morgans men in the lead, battled heavy rains and a strong current as it pushed upstream.   A week later, disaster struck when several bateaux carrying provisions overturned.   Calling a council of war, Arnold decided to press on and dispatched a small force north to attempt to secure supplies in Canada.   Also, the sick and injured were sent south. Trailing behind Morgan, Greenes and Enos battalions increasingly suffered from a lack of provisions and were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax.   While Greenes men resolved to continue, Enos captains voted to turn back.   As a result, around 450 men departed the expedition.   Nearing the height of land, the weaknesses of Montresors maps became apparent and the lead elements of the column repeatedly became lost.   After several missteps, Arnold finally reached  Lake Mà ©gantic on October 27 and began descending the upper Chaudià ¨re a day later.   Having achieved this goal, a scout was sent back to Greene with directions through the region.   These proved inaccurate and a further two days were lost.    Arnold Expedition - Final Miles: Encountering the local population on October 30, Arnold distributed a letter from Washington asking them to assist the expedition.   Joined on the river by the bulk of his force the next day, he received food and care for his sick from those in the area.   Meeting Jacques Parent, a resident of Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned that the British were aware of his approach and had ordered all boats on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to be destroyed.   Moving down the  Chaudià ¨re, the Americans arrived at Pointe-Levi, across from Quebec City, on November 9.   Of Arnolds original force of 1,100 men, around 600 remained.   Though he had believed the route to be around 180 miles, in actuality it had totaled approximately 350. Arnold Expedition - Aftermath: Concentrating his force at the mill of John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman, Arnold began making plans for crossing the St. Lawrence.   Purchasing canoes from the locals, the Americans crossed on the night of November 13/14 and were successful in evading two British warships in the river.   Approaching the city on November 14, Arnold demanded its garrison surrender.   Leading a force consisting of around 1,050 men, many of which were raw militia, Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean refused.   Short on supplies, with his men in poor condition, and lacking artillery, Arnold withdrew to  Pointe-aux-Trembles five days later to await reinforcements. On December 3, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who had replaced an ill Schuyler, arrived with around 300 men.   Though he had moved up Lake Champlain with a larger force and captured Fort St. Jean on the  Richelieu River, Montgomery had been forced to leave many of his men as garrisons at Montreal and elsewhere along the route north.   Assessing the situation, the two American commanders decided to assault Quebec City on the night of December 30/31.   Moving forward, they were repelled with heavy losses in the Battle of Quebec and Montgomery was killed.   Rallying the remaining troops, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to depart with the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was compelled to retreat following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being beaten at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, the Americans were forced to retreat back into N ew York, ending the invasion of Canada.      Ã‚         Selected Sources: Arnold Expedition Historical SocietyArnolds Expedition to QuebecMaine Encyclopedia: Arnold Expedition

Human motivation midterm essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human motivation midterm essays - Essay Example It explains human behavior as it is supposed to be an inborn tendency that directs it. Along with need theories learning theories it bore traces of Darwinian concepts. The problem with the instinct theories is that it ignores the interaction between an individual and an environment. According to Landy and Conte (2006), this is the reason why the need theories replaced it in popularity. Citing Maslow’s notion, they explained that need theory is an improvement over the former because it allowed for the environment to play a role in motivated behavior by suggesting that when one set of needs was satisfied by external forces, the next higher set of needs are activated. (p. 334) The person as â€Å"godlike† is one concept shared by cognitive, learning and humanistic theories of motivations. Here, there is an assumption that humans are rational and that there is a faculty of discernment when it comes to actions - its results and its relationship to goal-attainment. Each of these theories is universal in terms of their notion of rationality, their ideas of the human body as well as its needs. Furthermore, the traces of Freudian and Darwinian influences in these theories reinforce their appeal in this regard. The theory of obesity is mostly confined to the cognitive categories in theorizing human motivations. Barbara Dossey enumerated what the theories focus on: overeating behaviors as totally determined by learned responses; negative self-talk that triggers the desire to eat and overeat; negative body images that can contaminate self-concept to drive overeating behaviors; as well as the self-monitoring and response control as a way of correcting it. (p. 313) Meanwhile, to compare scientifically, the overweight notion is a condition of increased body weight in relation to height and is determined by a certain standard of acceptable weight; on the other hand, the concept of obesity is the accumulation of excess fat for one’s age and body type.

Analysis of Plato's Views of Justice and Poetry Essay

Analysis of Plato's Views of Justice and Poetry - Essay Example However, given Plato’s perception of justice, this appears to be an implausible argument within the point of view of The Republic. Certainly, Plato’s further analysis of the poets in Book Ten is appealing and commonly believed to be his ultimate conclusion on the issue; however, Socrates’s argument, which is found in Book Three, makes the argument of Plato quite unappealing to readers, which are placed in a shaky position that invites one to regard justice and poetry together, specifically, as being interdependent. Hence, this paper examines both these arguments. This paper attempts to demonstrate that the issues of justice and poetry, which are widely viewed to be independent themes in The Republic, are not merely interconnected essentially but vital to one another in the theoretical or philosophical mechanism of comprehending them. The connection between justice and poetry involves the following premises: as Plato rejects the legally oriented conceptualizations of justice, in which interactions and relations between citizens are characterized by definite approaches to acting, he likewise denounces an accurate, or legally oriented, knowledge of poetic symbols. However, this has a direct relationship as well: the legalistic fallacies of justice and poetry uncover their cure at the hermeneutical stage. ... In contrast, legalistic refers to the similarly improper, or truthful, understanding of the figurative and metaphorical components of poetry, specifically, what Socrates calls symbolic sense. Thus, if this feature of poetry is misinterpreted or overlooked, it must look like that poets tell lies and hence incorrectly depict reality. Hence, it is not quite appealing to use the prohibition of the poets as a contemplative affair that becomes vital to the examination of the nature of justice. Specifically, as Plato determines the way in which an individual should identify with poetry, this consequently indicates how the nature of justice is to be interpreted. In other words, this paper argues that the philosophical interpretation of justice entails a ‘poeticization’, which implies that the essence of justice is a fact which can be revealed only in the identification of the philosopher in accordance to the poetic feature of existence. Hence, this paper claims that in The Repub lic, the issue of the essence of poetry provides an interpretive means through which the philosopher can be harmonized with the essence of justice. This basic relationship reconstructs the very old conflict between philosophy and poetry, envisioning their bond as dynamic and fruitful, although argumentative, opposed. The argument of Aristotle seems to be an important revision of Plato’s thoughts on the connection between ‘phronesis’ as the statesman’s wisdom, and the capacity to put this wisdom in practice. Plato hence talks about the connection between ‘phronesis’ (wisdom) and ‘techne’ (art) in his conceptualization of justice. Conclusions The absence of frankness in The

Effective Programs For Hispanic Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Effective Programs For Hispanic Students - Essay Example lthough schools cnnot chnge the socil relity, they cn crete different society within their wlls. Getting to know the students nd their fmilies s well s welcoming their lnguges nd cultures cn build coherent community where the bilingul progrm becomes n integrl prt of the school. Improvement of bilingul progrms necessittes fundmentl chnges within the whole school becuse the overll qulity of the school will ffect the bilingul progrm. For the most prt, good bilingul progrms exist within good schools. To crete sound context for bilingul lerners schools should set cler gols, crete bilingul biculturl society, integrte the bilingul progrm into the school community, know the bilingul students, provide ledership nd support for the bilingul progrm, set high expecttions for bilingul students, hire qulity personnel willing nd prepred to work with bilingul students, estblish productive prtnerships with prents nd communities of the bilingul students. Commitment of principls nd minstrem stff to the progrm nd the students mkes it possible for bilingul progrms to be integrted into the whole school. ll stff nd not only the bilingul stff should be responsible for the bilingul students' eduction. In turn, the bilingul stff should prticipte in generl school ctivities nd decision mking. When curriculum improvement or specil progrms re introduced, the bilingul progrm should lso be included. Regrdless of how integrtion is implemented, school mission, curriculum, nd environment must reflect the presence of students of different lnguges nd cultures. Otherwise, integrted nd two-wy progrms tht succeed in bringing both groups of students together will remin isolted within the school. In order to mnge the sitution when the school district oppose introduction of bilingul eduction, necessry strtegies should be pplied. First of ll, it is importnt to mke bilingul students need to feel tht their school is community tht cres for them, trets them s individuls, nd wnts them to succeed. In effective schools, dministrtors nd techers know their students nd students know ech other. Knowledge of the students nd personliztion of the teching re keys to good teching. Becuse techers relte to students both s lerners nd s children or dolescents, techers must estblish how they will ddress these two types of reltionships, wht they need to know bout their students, nd how they will cquire this knowledge. The techer--lerner reltionship implies involvement between techers nd students round subject mtter, wheres dult--child or dult--dolescent reltionships re more personl nd intimte. Focusing on both types of reltionships bridges the gp between school nd the world outside it, gp tht is especilly importnt for mny bilingul students whose world differs gretly from school. Techers working with young students hve succeeded in combining both types of reltionships in the context of the clssroom. For exmple, Czden, Crrsco, Mldondo-Guzmn, nd Erickson ( 1980) observed Mexicn mericn techer working with first-grde Spnish spekers. Every morning s they st in circle, she collected homework nd ddressed the children with endering terms, sking questions bout them nd their fmilies. In successful high schools these reltionships hve been somewht seprte with the

World War One To An Armistice In 1918 History Essay

World War One To An Armistice In 1918 History Essay The failure of the spring offensive in 1918 indicated that Germanys military defeat was imminent. The collapse of Bulgaria and the desperate situation on the Western Front, which was only made worse by the intervention of the American troops, made the Germans take further steps. The German military leaders feared an absolute collapse of the front and that the enemies could make their way farther and could thus claim and take over German territory. In August 1918 the Allies fought the Germans back from their fronts and Ludendorff, a German general, had to inform the Kaiser: We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended. In September 1918 the German government began negotiations on an armistice with the American President Woodrow Wilson whose 14-points they expected to bring about a peace treaty without too much loss. At the end of September 1918 Bulgaria made peace and one month later Turkey was defeated. Austria was defeated by the Italians at Vittorio Veneto and signed an armistice with the Allies. Germany was now fighting the Allies alone. They had no other choice than to sign an armistice with the Entente in Compià ©gne, France on November 11. This treaty marked the end of World War One. Exhaustion at the front But where did the exhaustion at the front and the necessity of an armistice come from? The first and major reason is that the conditions the soldiers at the fronts had to live with were disastrous. They led to exhaustion and war weariness. When the war began many young men rushed to join the armies to proudly fight for their fatherlands. The British government asked for 100,000 volunteers but after just one month they already had 750,000. However, the peoples enthusiasm did not last. Everyone had believed the war would be over by Christmas 1914; nobody had expected they would continue fighting for four more years.  War-weariness set in. People, both at the so called home front and soldiers fighting at the actual front, were tired of war and disappointed that in spite of the large loss all the armies had suffered, and the fact that not any progress had been made, there was still no end in sight. Soldiers young men of 20 years only had seen their comrades wounded and die one after the other. Either killed by the enemies bullets or bombs or slowly dying of influenza or other disease, caused by the miserable conditions in the trenches. These brave men were fighting in a futile battle, between the dead bodies of their friends, suffering from extreme temperatures and hunger. As a result of the Allied blockade beginning in 1914 German soldiers were exceedingly poorly fed. The allied navies prevented ships sailing directly to Germany providing it with anything that could be used for making war (including food) in order to starve the Germans until they give up and surrender. The Allies also had an overwhelming superiority in artillery, tanks and mechanised transport and their equipment was greatly superior. The Germans had to rely on their superior skill, but they didnt have a top-down command structure like the British or the French. It is said that the Germans were tactically unsurpassed, but operationally deficient and strategically inept. So it was not military prowess that led to the Armistice. A part of the German military leaders didnt want to admit their failure in the battlefield. They claimed that the German army had actually been undefeated and their failure was only due to unpatriotic civilians and treacherous politicians at the home front stabbing their own forces in the back. This untrue theory was called stab-in-the-back-theory (German: Dolchstoßlegende). Exhaustion at the home front But it was not that people at the home front were being unpatriotic that led to the German defeat. Of course many people had lost their belief in their fatherland, but in fact it was the same exhaustion and war weariness as in the battlefield that forced the German leaders to start negotiating about an armistice. Generally the word home front indicates the inclusion of the civil population into warfare, even if the actual front is outside of the populations lebensraum. And indeed, they were involved and suffering from the effects of the war. The biggest problem at the home front was the acute food shortage bare hunger. The civilian population of Germany was suffering. Although the German U-Boat campaign had led to food shortages in Britain the Allied naval blockade that prevented supplies from getting into German ports hit Germany harder. Even worse was that the shortage of food during the war had led to an inflation, a rise in the general level of prices of goods. So those little supplies of food that were available was often not affordable for the common family. Even fuel was short supply and limited. Furthermore the influenza epidemic of 1918 and 1919 killed between 20 and 40 million people in Europe. The so called Spanish Flu also hit German cities and claimed many lives amongst the people, who already suffered from and were weakened by the lack of food. In November 1918 the population was not willing to accept this situation anymore. Strikes and demonstrations paralysed Berlin. Workers went on strike, soldiers refused orders, and the German navy mutinied. The strike and protest spread all over the country. Within a week, there was no more German city that was not involved into the demonstrations, protests and strike developed into a revolution. On 9 November 1918 Germany was declared a democratic republic, which was followed by the formal abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. On 11 November the Armistice of Compià ¨gne was signed by Center Party deputy Matthias Erzberger. World War I was officially over. Conclusion Exhaustion on the front and on the home front, not military prowess, brought World War I to an Armistice in 1918. The major reasons for the exhaustion were the large losses that the countries had suffered without making any progress. Bad conditions in the battlefield such as hunger and disease caused war weariness. Hunger and very bad living conditions caused exhaustion and war weariness on the home front. The German people was not willing to take this anymore and started a revolution in November. Germany became a republic and finally signed the Armistice of Compià ¨gne on November 11. The Great War was over! An essay by Katharina Voß The information was found at the following pages: http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/history/1890_1920/end_of_great_war_rev1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/german_experience_01.shtml#three http://www.firstworldwar.com/diaries/braveryinthefield.htm http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/home_front_1914_to_1918.htm http://de.internationalism.org/Welt150_nov1918

Rosalind Franklin Essay -- Biography Chemists Essays

Rosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one must give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the way for today's generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great impact on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of five children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklin's were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her family's wealth. As a child, she never felt like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993). Rosalind attended St. Paul's Girls' School in London. Here she had excellent training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she almost didn't make it. Rosalind's father did not think that women should attend university and refused to pay for her education. Luckily, Rosalind's mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalind's father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by women paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to become like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a degree in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalind's data, but this is close to recognition as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an enigma to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today. Works Cited Access Excellence. 1999. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.html Bernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. New York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332. North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html. World Book. 2001. http://www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html. Rosalind Franklin Essay -- Biography Chemists Essays Rosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one must give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the way for today's generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great impact on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of five children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklin's were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her family's wealth. As a child, she never felt like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993). Rosalind attended St. Paul's Girls' School in London. Here she had excellent training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she almost didn't make it. Rosalind's father did not think that women should attend university and refused to pay for her education. Luckily, Rosalind's mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalind's father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by women paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to become like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a degree in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalind's data, but this is close to recognition as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an enigma to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today. Works Cited Access Excellence. 1999. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.html Bernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. New York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332. North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html. World Book. 2001. http://www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html.

Ap Nsl Essay

What are the difficulties in using the â€Å"wall of separation† principle? 5. List and explain the circumstances when the Supreme Court has ruled that freedom of speech may be limited. 6. Define the â€Å"clear-and-present-danger test,† libel, preferred position, prior restraint, imminent danger, and symbolic speech. You may just want to put these straight onto your flashcards 7. Summarize the Supreme Court’s changing interpretations of how to protect both the due process rights of accused criminals and to preserve the safety of the community. Define the exclusionary rule and the â€Å"good faith exception. †. Chapter 19 Reading Outline 1. What does the book say is the pertinent question regarding civil rights? 2. What were the strategies that black leaders followed in order to obtain civil rights? Once basic rights such as voting and integration had been obtained, what issues did civil rights leaders focus on? 3. Briefly outline the steps in the NAACP’s strategy in the fight against segregated schools and indicate the success they had in the courts and in implementing desegregation. . What was the issue concerning desegregation vs. integration? How has this issue been resolved? 5. What were the four developments that made it possible to pass civil rights bills? 6. What accounts for the change in attitude in Congress towards civil rights issues from the 1960s to the present?   How has the Supreme Court changed in its attitudes towards equal rights for women from the early 20th century to today? 8. What are the two standards the Court uses today to in considering sex discrimination cases? What is the debate between those who support â€Å"equality of result† and those who support â€Å"equality of opportunity†? 9. What are the criteria that the Supreme Court has adapted in defining strict scrutiny of any law involving racial preferences? 10. Briefly summarize the highlights of the government’s response to abortion. How did activists for the disabled manage to get The Americans with Disabilities Act passed? 12. Briefly summarize what is included in the law and the objections that some have had to the law.

Facebook Puts Other Companies Underneath Its Wings

IntroductionFacebook is considered these days as a leader for the social networking websites, Facebook is such a great success story which officially came out in 2004 created by Mark Zuckerberg and his classmates at Harvard University. On October 28, 2003, when they were in the second year, Zuckerberg and his team started the idea by launching a website called â€Å"Facemashâ€Å", after that, for many reasons the website was shut down by the school. On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg started again with his team a new website called â€Å"Thefacebook†, they worked hard to develop the website and they divided the tasks professionally; Eduardo Saverin is responsible for the business side, Dustin Moskovitz for programming issues, Andrew McCollum for the graphic design, and Chris Hughes. Facebook has been written and developed using C++ and PHP language.They worked together such as a great talent team until the website was expanded to many schools (Who Invented Facebook, ND). In my point of view, Facebook made a difference in the social media world by making the website so attractive to the users, right now Facebook has over than one billion active users, in addition, Facebook has a second global rank and a second US rank according to the Alexa traffic rank, and the visitors of the site are viewed as an average of 18.1 pages per day (Facebook Rank, ND). So we are going in this paper to discuss all aspects and terms of my thesis statement and verify it as well. Moreover, we are going to review one of the strategy that Facebook has and do SWOT analysis as well. My thesis statement summarized as the following â€Å"Facebook puts other companies underneath its wings by imposing Ads network strategies, marketing strategies and as well as social media strategies†.The Five Porters ForcesRisk of entry by potential competitors: The barriers of entry to other  competitors of Facebook is very high, since Facebook has the criteria of the users satisfaction which makes the users more loyal to Facebook, for instance, I would say Google is a potential competitor to Facebook, hence, the risk of entry is low. Intensity of rivalry among established firms: Twitter is one of the most competitors to Facebook, since Twitter has Five Hundred million users on its social network as well as has the tenth rank on Alexa traffic rank; furthermore, Facebook and Twitter are fighting to make the users more attractive by coming up with new ideas in the network social networks to make it more easier to the end users.Bargaining power of buyers: Since Facebook offers social networking services to the end users, Facebook does know the importance of the user’s power to make them successful by offering unique and flexible tools for the social networking, moreover, Facebook team should take into considerations the feedbacks and reviews of the end users. Bargaining power of suppliers: In Facebook case, there’s no specific supplier because they are offeri ng online services, they could be the suppliers themselves, and we would consider the government is a supplier for Facebook; since the government monitor and control the social networks. Threat of substitutes: The threat of substitutes for Facebook is represented by any social networking website like Twitter or Myspace which they are really rivals, so Facebook team should update the website from time to time to make the users satisfied and to face the user’s daily demands on the social network.Facebook SWOT AnalysisStrengths: Facebook has the second rank at Alexa as a global rank and second rank in the US (Facebook Rank,ND). In addition, Facebook now has over than one billion active users; Facebook has announced its revenue by gaining more than $150 million from the mobile advertising (Turcan, 2012). Furthermore, Facebook supports more than 70 languages for the users across the world which makes Facebook attractive for many users their mother language is not English. Now Face book has a popular brand name and it has been used as a reference in many movies or even in the business cards (FACEBOOK SWOT, ND). Weaknesses: There are many faked accounts and duplicated accounts that cannot be identified easily. Also, people say Facebook is secretly gathering information about them which may leave an impression to remove their accounts.Moreover, Facebook posted a loss in last two quarters which will  impact its stocks (Turcan, 2012). Opportunities: Researchers can take advantage of using Facebook by gathering data for surveys purposes. Moreover, Ads prices are still going up as Facebook recently announced which will have the investors buy new stocks. Also, Facebook can be used as a market place; people can sell and buy items through Facebook (FACEBOOK SWOT, ND). Threats: China government doesn't allow Facebook to operate out there in China; since china has a huge population. In addition, it is probably that users may switch to any other services like Google+ (F acebook Investment, 2012). Also, Twitter has a strong competition with Facebook in the market place and they are making unique features Faecbook doesn’t. Furthermore, there are many viruses have attacked Facbook as we have heard recently from news, and it might be a threat of ongoing hacking in the future. Facebook Marketing StrategyMarketing strategy is one of the interesting strategies that Facebook has; Facebook demonstrates its strategy by defining the target audience which means Facebook has grouping packages for all accounts by age, gender, profession and location which help the other companies to post their Ads on Facebook for specific class of people and as well as specific region, furthermore, Facebook helps other corporations to increase the traffic on their websites by creating an official page contains their official website link and contact information which truly helps the corporations to share their information, run certain events, post any kind of advertisemen ts and get more likes.I would say the more likes you get, the more success you are. In another hand, the non-profit organizations can take the advantage by creating a page on Facebook to get donations and find volunteers across all the world, moreover, Facebook provides the page owners with all kind of statistics tools and reports, those kind of reports are weekly and daily updated and included with the post quality, how many likes, page views and photo views.ConclusionIn my point of view, the marketing strategy makes Facebook an attractive destination for all kind of businesses to post Ads, upload photos, create events and communicate with people which leads rapidly to grow revenue of  Facebook. In my opinion, Facebook developers should work on the privacy settings to make sure that the users will stick with them for a long period of time. Moreover, the developer team should do something to prevent the existence of the duplicated accounts and the faked accounts by monitoring the IP addresses of the user’s computer. Finally, Facebook is still in the fore beating up Twitter, My Space and other social networking websites, as I mentioned before, Facebook has been a leader for the other online social networking services, I would say Facebook made a difference in the information revolution these days and created a competitive environment in the market place. Facebook Puts Other Companies Underneath Its Wings IntroductionFacebook is considered these days as a leader for the social networking websites, Facebook is such a great success story which officially came out in 2004 created by Mark Zuckerberg and his classmates at Harvard University. On October 28, 2003, when they were in the second year, Zuckerberg and his team started the idea by launching a website called â€Å"Facemashâ€Å", after that, for many reasons the website was shut down by the school.On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg started again with his team a new website called â€Å"Thefacebook†, they worked hard to develop the website and they divided the tasks professionally; Eduardo Saverin is responsible for the business side, Dustin Moskovitz for programming issues, Andrew McCollum for the graphic design, and Chris Hughes. Facebook has been written and developed using C++ and PHP language. They worked together such as a great talent team until the website was expanded to many schools (Who Invented Facebook, ND).In my point of view, Facebook made a difference in the social media world by making the website so attractive to the users, right now Facebook has over than one billion active users, in addition, Facebook has a second global rank and a second US rank according to the Alexa traffic rank, and the visitors of the site are viewed as an average of 18. 1 pages per day (Facebook Rank, ND). So we are going in this paper to discuss all aspects and terms of my thesis statement and verify it as well. Moreover, we are going to review one of the strategy that Facebook has and do SWOT analysis as well.My thesis statement summarized as the following â€Å"Facebook puts other companies underneath its wings by imposing Ads network strategies, marketing strategies and as well as social media strategies†. The Five Porters Forces Risk of entry by potential competitors: The barriers of entry to other competitors of Facebook is very high, since Facebook has the criteria of the users satisfaction which m akes the users more loyal to Facebook, for instance, I would say Google is a potential competitor to Facebook, hence, the risk of entry is low.Intensity of rivalry among established firms: Twitter is one of the most competitors to Facebook, since Twitter has Five Hundred million users on its social network as well as has the tenth rank on Alexa traffic rank; furthermore, Facebook and Twitter are fighting to make the users more attractive by coming up with new ideas in the network social networks to make it more easier to the end users.Bargaining power of buyers: Since Facebook offers social networking services to the end users, Facebook does know the importance of the user’s power to make them successful by offering unique and flexible tools for the social networking, moreover, Facebook team should take into considerations the feedbacks and reviews of the end users. Bargaining power of suppliers: In Facebook case, there’s no specific supplier because they are offering online services, they could be the suppliers themselves, and we would consider the government is a supplier for Facebook; since the government monitor and control the social networks.Threat of substitutes: The threat of substitutes for Facebook is represented by any social networking website like Twitter or Myspace which they are really rivals, so Facebook team should update the website from time to time to make the users satisfied and to face the user’s daily demands on the social network. Facebook SWOT Analysis Strengths: Facebook has the second rank at Alexa as a global rank and second rank in the US (Facebook Rank,ND).In addition, Facebook now has over than one billion active users; Facebook has announced its revenue by gaining more than $150 million from the mobile advertising (Turcan, 2012). Furthermore, Facebook supports more than 70 languages for the users across the world which makes Facebook attractive for many users their mother language is not English. Now Faceboo k has a popular brand name and it has been used as a reference in many movies or even in the business cards (FACEBOOK SWOT, ND). Weaknesses: There are many faked accounts and duplicated accounts that cannot be identified easily.Also, people say Facebook is secretly gathering information about them which may leave an impression to remove their accounts. Moreover, Facebook posted a loss in last two quarters which will impact its stocks (Turcan, 2012). Opportunities: Researchers can take advantage of using Facebook by gathering data for surveys purposes. Moreover, Ads prices are still going up as Facebook recently announced which will have the investors buy new stocks. Also, Facebook can be used as a market place; people can sell and buy items through Facebook (FACEBOOK SWOT, ND).Threats: China government doesn't allow Facebook to operate out there in China; since china has a huge population. In addition, it is probably that users may switch to any other services like Google+ (Facebook Investment, 2012). Also, Twitter has a strong competition with Facebook in the market place and they are making unique features Faecbook doesn’t. Furthermore, there are many viruses have attacked Facbook as we have heard recently from news, and it might be a threat of ongoing hacking in the future. Facebook Marketing StrategyMarketing strategy is one of the interesting strategies that Facebook has; Facebook demonstrates its strategy by defining the target audience which means Facebook has grouping packages for all accounts by age, gender, profession and location which help the other companies to post their Ads on Facebook for specific class of people and as well as specific region, furthermore, Facebook helps other corporations to increase the traffic on their websites by creating an official page contains their official website link and contact information which truly helps the corporations to share their information, run certain events, post any kind of advertisements and get more likes.I would say the more likes you get, the more success you are. In another hand, the non-profit organizations can take the advantage by creating a page on Facebook to get donations and find volunteers across all the world, moreover, Facebook provides the page owners with all kind of statistics tools and reports, those kind of reports are weekly and daily updated and included with the post quality, how many likes, page views and photo views. Conclusion In my point of view, the marketing strategy makes Facebook an attractive destination for all kind of businesses to post Ads, upload photos, create events and communicate with people which leads rapidly to grow revenue of Facebook.In my opinion, Facebook developers should work on the privacy settings to make sure that the users will stick with them for a long period of time. Moreover, the developer team should do something to prevent the existence of the duplicated accounts and the faked accounts by monitoring the IP addres ses of the user’s computer. Finally, Facebook is still in the fore beating up Twitter, My Space and other social networking websites, as I mentioned before, Facebook has been a leader for the other online social networking services, I would say Facebook made a difference in the information revolution these days and created a competitive environment in the market place.

How to Write a Graduate School Acceptance Letter

How to Write a Graduate School Acceptance Letter Youve  applied to graduate schools, and lo and behold, youve been accepted to the program of your dreams. You may think youre all set and you need only  pack your  bags, book a flight or load your car, and head out to grad school. But, you need to take one more step to ensure your position at the school will be open and ready for you when you arrive: Youll need to write an acceptance letter. Admissions officers have to be sure that you are ready to attend; otherwise, they will likely give your spot to another candidate. Before Writing Your Letter or Email Your graduate school applications were just the first step. Maybe you received  several  offers of admission, maybe not. Either way, remember to share the good news with friends and family first. Dont forget to thank your mentors and people who wrote  recommendation letters on your behalf. You want to maintain your educational and professional contacts as your academic career progresses. Writing Your Reply Most grad programs notify applicants of their acceptance- or rejection- by email or phone, although a few still send formal letters by mail. Regardless of how youre notified, dont immediately say yes. This is especially important if the good news comes in a phone call. Thank the caller, likely a professor, and explain that you will reply soon. Dont worry: You wont suddenly have your acceptance revoked if you briefly delay. Most programs give accepted students a window of a few days- or even up to a week or two- to decide. Once youve had a chance to digest the good news and consider your options, its time to write your graduate school acceptance letter. You can respond via a letter that you send through the mail or you can reply by email. In either case, your response should be short, respectful, and clearly indicate your decision. Sample Acceptance Letter or Email Feel free to use the sample letter or email below. Simply replace the name of the professor, admissions officer, or admissions committee of the school as appropriate: Dear Dr. Smith (or Admissions Committee): I am writing to accept your offer to enroll in the X program at [graduate university]. Thank you, and I appreciate your time and consideration during the admissions process. I look forward to attending your program this fall and am excited by the opportunities that await. Sincerely, Rebecca R. Student Though your correspondence seemingly states the obvious, it is very important that you make it clear that you intend to enroll in the graduate program. And, being polite- such as saying thank you- is always important in any official correspondence. Before You Send the Letter or Email As you would with any important correspondence, take the time to reread your letter or email before you send it. Ensure that it doesnt have any misspellings or grammatical errors. Once youre satisfied with your acceptance letter, send it. If youve been accepted into more than one grad program, youve still got some homework to do. Youll need to write a letter declining an offer of admissions  to each of the programs you rejected. As with your acceptance letter, make it short, direct, and respectful.

Respons essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respons - Essay Example This is used several parts of the film and this is especially those where the young girl is talking. This shows that she has stopped practicing the traditions of the community and has actually developed to know foreign languages. With relation to Arabic speaking, this is where the parents of the girl are talking. This is also another genre found when Asfour talks and this is critical for it shows Aleya’s parents that the he has morals and respect for traditions. The film reflects European influences in many different ways. One of the ways it accomplishes this and through the vastness manner is through ensuring that they show the authority of the parents. The parents of the girl are very deeply interested in their class that they do not adhere to the importance of the kid’s desires. This is common in many European countries where they get to decide the person their daughter marries. One of the main cultures that is witnessed in the film is regarding their appearance. Many Arabs have recognition for having a lot of wealth. Most of the wealth in these families is inherited through time to the respective heirs. The inheritance case is the same witnessed here where the father of Aleya does not wish to allow the daughter to marry a person who is not of their caliber. The film offers a lot of credible and informative material regarding the issue of Arabs and the social classes that they have. In the community, respect comes from the amount of wealth that a family has. In the film, the father did not approve of the marriage as associating with a lesser class would have him lose respect. It is critical to note that high class is treated specially in this community. There are some symbols used in the film. An example of the symbols used in the film is the large mat set to the side of the palace where Aleya’s family lives. This is the greatest symbol to note in the film. The symbol represents the religious aspect of the community where despite the judgmental

Describe how your nursing practice paralleled the code of ethics Essay

Describe how your nursing practice paralleled the code of ethics - Essay Example Nurses and the people Nurses and the people is one of the major elements that outline the basis of emulating high level of ethics in the provision of care. During the provision of care, nurses should respect the values, family customs, and spiritual beliefs of the people requiring care (Scanlon, 2000). In addition, it is imperative for nurses to provide adequate information regarding the kind of illnesses to the individual in need of care. In order to be compatible with the ethics issues relating to nurses and people, I learn the aspects of human rights, justice and equity. In addition, issues regarding confidentiality and privacy were also covered in the nursing courses in order to have the required skills on dealing with patient’s personal information. Nurses and practice In order to be competent, accountable and responsible in their practice, nurses should undertake continual learning. In this way, nurse ability to provide proper care is not compromised. In order to avoid n egative repercussions during delegating of their duties, it is important for nurses to use proper judgment concerning the level of competency of the individuals. One of the major learning aspects I covered in my nursing practice was the research that depicted the relationship between continual learning and competency for workers. This was also strengthened by the research-based studies that covered the importance of personal health and safe working conditions. It is also necessary for nurses to emulate the emerging technology in order to ensure their services are streamlined. The use of computerized system in the nursing practice was another major initiative that I covered in order to be aware of how to tackle emerging challenges that need for specialized attendance of patients. Nurses and the profession One of the ethical aspects in the nursing practice is to implement legal standards during their duties. In order to improve their services, nurses should be engaged in developing an d proper implementation of research-based knowledge. This means that nurses should register with professional bodies where they gain effective skills on how to maintain safety in their working environment as well as equitable economic and social conditions in the nursing professional (Scanlon, 2000). Some of the major aspects that relate to the nursing and the profession I covered include how to set nursing standards as well as the role of the professional bodies in the nursing practice. In the same way, the skills I gained in regard to the need for proper management in the nursing practice, are vital in maintaining the accountability and proper use of nursing resources as required by the nursing ethics, Nurses and fellow workers One of the major aspects that portray professionalism in the nursing practice is to maintain a positive relationship among the nurses. It is vital to note that due to the sensitivity of their duties, nurses should have the necessary skills to attend a patie nt in case a co-worker fails or is not available (ICN Code of Ethics For Nurses). In order to ensure there is a sustainable relationship between the nurse and the coworkers, it is fundamental to create strong teams. This means that nurses should be knowledgeable of how to form and motivate teams, major aspects that I covered in the nursing courses. Other areas that I covered that depicts parallel of my nursing with

Should France ban the veil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should France ban the veil - Essay Example The act of covering the face by all Muslim women was banned by the French Senate and the National assembly during the same year. People within France and all over the world have started protesting against this act of the French government. In the region of France a total of 82% of the population is supporting the ban, while a 17% and those who are in favor of such a ban form a majority throughout the European Nations (Pew Research Center 1). A heavy debate between the supporters and opposition of banning of veil in France has started taking place. Those who are in favor of such a ban state that French government is disrespecting the freedom of individuals in regards of deciding what they should wear and what they should not. However, ban on the full-faced veil should be removed because such an action disregards an individual’s freedom. The French government took the measure of banning niqab because they believed that niqab was a sign of oppression which is against the norms of the French society. French levied a ban on the veil is because the veil is believed to be a sign of oppression that is being carried out by the male society to over the females of the Muslim society. Sciolino states that the French are connecting the veil to the burqa that has been used in Afghanistan â€Å"by Taliban to oppress the women in their own society† (Sciolino 140). This means that the French government believes that the Muslim women are forced to wear the veil by their male relatives to oppress their right of deciding their own clothes. This even means that the French believe that by banning the veil they are giving the female Muslims the right to decide what they want to wear. Another reason due to which the French have banned the veil within their nation is that they believe that veil is against their cultural norms. Scio lino states that French culture promotes â€Å"the meeting of eyes between two individuals in order to start a conversation† (Sciolino

Muhammad The Prophet Essay Example for Free

Muhammad The Prophet Essay Muhammad is considered in Islam to be a messenger and prophet sent by God to guide humanity to the right way. He is considered as the last in a series of prophets sent by God. The Quran is believed to have been presented to Muhammad by God. Muhammad is know as the greatest of all prophets to the Muslims, and his religion as the only accepted religion of God. He is seen by Muslims as a possessor of all virtues. The scattered verses of the Prophet had been inscribed not only on date leaves and shreds of leather but on â€Å"the hearts of men. † Muller says, â€Å"Now Muhammad had certainly not lived like an angel† referring to how Muhammad had raided one of their caravans in the holy month of pilgrimage. He also says this because in 632 Muhammad confused his followers by dying. In war Muhammad lied to his men promising them that if they were to die in battle that they would marry seventy dark-eyed virgins. Muhammad also had preached gospels that where unholy. I his gospels he encouraged war and had no message of peace. He also had eleven wives making him unholy, but this had to do with the time and place that he lived in. to everyone but strong Muslims Muhammad was a bad person and a mortal. But to the Muslims he was a descendent of God. Yet Muhammad was a great man, superior to his time and place. He not only preached but practiced a morality that was superior to his era. If he could be ruthless, he was more often gentle, kind, generous. He could be Christ like in his sympathy for the weak and poor. Through the fog of tradition one can see an attractive humanity, as in his unfailing courtesy touched by shyness. His humble sharing of the household chores. You can understand why he was so deeply loved by those around him. Muhammad is like Jesus in the sense that he showed complete dedication to his God. He also had a power of personality that had as deep of an impression on his followers as Jesus made on his. His basic teaching is clearer and more nearly uniform than that attributed to Jesus. The theme of more than half of the Koran is about an absolutely pure monotheism. â€Å"There is no god but God.† Allah is the God preached by the prophets, from Abraham and Ishmael through Moses to Jesus, and revealed in the Scriptures of the Jews and the Christians. Abraham was the true founder of the faith, Muhammad the last prophet, and the Koran the final perfect revelation

The Main Functions Of The Nervous System

The Main Functions Of The Nervous System The nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. It sends and receives messages. The nervous system controls all our body movements. It is made up of two parts, the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves and neurons. The central nervous system; consists of the brain and spinal cord. Diagram showing the different structures of the brain. The brain; it is a large soft mass of nerve tissue that is contained within a vault of bone called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, and other supporting cells. The brain is composed of grey and white matter. The grey matter is the nervous tissues that formed the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matter. The human brains has more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our bodily functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our area of thought, creativity and consciousness. The spinal cord; it is an ovoid of column of nervous tissue that average 44 cm in length when flattened. It expands from the medulla oblongata in the brain stem to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal canal. The spinal cord is the centre of reflexive action. There is a reflex arc that goes from the peripheral nerve to the spinal cord, up to the brain and back down to relay (spread) the action. The spinal cord is contained in a vertebral vault, and it passes down through a hole in each vertebrate. It is surrounded by other tissues, pia mater, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), arachnoid mater and dura mater. These three maters are called meninges, and they surround the brain. The anterior of the H is made up of motor cells from the fibers that make up the motor portion of the peripheral nerves. The sensory neurons enter the posterior of the H. The peripheral nervous system; this is the nerves on the periphery of the body. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is under the control of central nervous system (CNS) and also part of the peripheral nervous system, these nerves stay inside the body and effect organs and soft tissues. The autonomic nervous system is automatic, and in control of voluntary bodily functions. It is separated into two parts; the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. It regulates the function of the glands, the adrenal medulla, smooth muscle tissue, organs and the heart. 1.2 Explain the functions of each part of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up large numbers of units known as neurons. They send, receive and process the nerve impulses inside and outside the body. Sensory neurons convert physical stimuli, e.g. smell, light, or sound, into action possibilities, which are then transmitted to the spinal cord or brain. Afferent neurons bring information into the central nervous system. We also have the motor neurons which transmit nerve impulses (sudden urge) away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands, and are known as efferent neurons. Brain; the cerebral cortex is linked to three main varieties of activity: Mental activities; this involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning. These are accredited to the higher centres. Sensory perception; this includes the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell. Initiation and control; to initiate and control voluntary muscle contraction. The nerve cells initiate the contraction of voluntary muscles. Nerve fibres from Betzs cell move past descending through the internal capsule to the medulla oblongata, and crosses to the opposite side and descends in the spinal cord. The motor region of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls voluntary movement of the left side of the body. There is a group of nerve cells called the motor speech (brocas); it controls the movement essential for speech. The postcentral (sensory) is the area that perceived sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, knowledge of muscular movement and position of joints. The parietal is believed to be connected with obtaining and retaining accurate knowledge of objects. We perceive spoken word from the sensory speech, and the auditory (hearing) receive and interpret transmitted impulses from the inside ear by the auditory nerves. The olfactory (smell) receives impulses from the nose via olfactory nerves and interpret it. Taste is the area where impulses from special nerves endings in taste bud and tongue, and in the lining of the cheeks, palate and pharynx are perceived as taste. The visual is the area which receives and interprets impulses as impressions. There are groups of cells called known as nuclei, they act as relay stations. It passes one neurone to the other in chain. Some important masses of grey matter are: Basal nuclei; it is thought to influence skeletal muscle tone Thalamus; this is where sensory input from skin, viscera and special sense organs are transmitted to before redistribution to cerebrum Hypothalamus; it controls the output of hormones from both lobes of the gland, and it also control the autonomic nervous system, such as thirst, body temperature, hunger, heart and blood vessels defensive reactions. Spinal cord; it is the centre of reflexive action. The reflex arc is the pathway of nerves through spinal cord. The first step of reflex arc is stimulation of a receptor nerve. They sense heat, coolness, pressure or over-stretching of the muscle. The sensory neuron transmits impulse to spinal cord. The sensory nerves link directly with a motor or glandular nerve, or go through in-between nerve and then to the motor of the glandular nerve, depending on the reflex being stimulated. The nerve sends signals to the muscles or glands to react. Visceral reflexes control heart muscle, glands and organs, and the somatic reflexes control involuntary movement of the skeletal muscles. The spinal cord does the followings: Support the body and the skull, helps us to stand upright and maintain body balance. Flexible movement; it allows and helps the head and neck move, and permit the body to stretch, lean, rotate and lean. It helps protect internal organs, such as heart and lungs. It provides base for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons (tough band connecting muscle to bone). It has bone marrow inside the bones of the spinal cord that produces red blood cells and also stores minerals. It connects the upper body to the lower body. Its intervertebral discs acts like a shock absorber. Peripheral nervous system; it is the autonomic nervous system which is part of the peripheral nervous system, that control the internal organs; it consists of the motor neurons. It has two systems, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system. The autonomic nervous system controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscle of the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the fight or running away response. The parasympathetic is involved in relaxation. Each of the two functions in the reverse of the other (resentment). The two systems act in opposition to maintain homeostasis (state of equilibrium). The sympathetic nervous system promotes the following activities: It allows blood flow to skeletal muscles and the lungs. It diverts blood flow away from the gastro-intestinal tract and skin. It dilates bronchioles of the lung. Increases heart rate and the ability of cardiac cell (myocytes) to contract. Dilate pupils (opening in eye) and relaxes the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens. It narrows all intestinal sphincters and urinary sphincter. It inhibits (adversely affect action of an organ) peristalsis. Responsible for the stimulation of orgasm. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes: The expansion of blood vessels leading to the gastro-intestinal tract, increasing blood flow. The constriction of bronchiolar diameter when the need for oxygen has diminished. The constriction of the pupil (opening in the eye) and contraction of the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens. The stimulation of salivary gland secretion, and speed up peristalsis (muscle contraction). The erection of genitals. The stimulation of sexual arousal. The control of the myocardium (heart muscle). 3.2 Explain the transmission of an impulse across a synapse. A synapse is the junction where communication between neurons and neurons between muscles takes place. Synaptic transmission starts when nerve impulse arrives at the pre-synaptic axon terminal. The depolarisation (less polarity) of the pre-synaptic membrane starts series of events leading to transmitter release, and the activation of receptors that is on the post-synaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicle lives in different pool; attached to the cytoskeleton in a reverse pool, or free in the cytoplasm. A number of the free vesicles make their way to the plasma membrane for docking, and sequence of primary reactions prepares the vesicular and plasma membranes for fusion. The membranes of the synaptic vesicles are drawn together passing through protein complexes that are articulated on the vesicle and pre-synaptic membranes. A depolarised axon terminal open voltage calcium channel and calcium ions run into the axon terminal and some of the calcium ions attach to a protein on the synaptic vesi cle membrane known as synaptotagmin. The vesicles are drawn closer to the pre-synaptic membrane, when calcium attach to synaptotagmin on the synaptic vesicles adjacent to the active region. Transmitter cargo is release into the synaptic cleft when the vesicles combine with the axon membrane. Some transmitter molecules attach to receptor molecules in the post-synaptic membrane. Post-synaptic cell response depends on neurotransmitter and receptor combination. After attaching acetylcholine, the channel opens and sodium ions enter the post-synaptic cell, and generate an exciting post-synaptic response. The transmitters are removed or inactivated quickly from the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine, an enzyme in the synaptic cleft, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks down Ach into choline and acetate. The transmitter released from the receptor causes the channel to close. Some transmitters are not broken down by enzymes and many transmitters rapidly clear from the synaptic cleft and taken into the pre-synaptic terminal by special proteins known as transporters. This process is called reuptake, it not only cut off synaptic activity quickly, but also allow the terminal to recycle transmitter molecules. Membrane needed for the creation of synaptic vesicles, is also recycled passing through endocytosis of the pre-synaptic membrane. The recycled vesciles which are now filled with neurotransmitter molecules are ready for another circle of synaptic transmission. 4.1 Describe the main parts of the brain and explain their functions. The brain; it is a large soft mass of nerve tissue that is contained within a vault of bone called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, supporting cells. The brain is composed of grey and white matter. The grey matter is the nervous tissues that formed the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matter. The human brains has more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our bodily functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our area of thought, creativity and consciousness. Functions of the brain; the functions of the three main parts of the brain are the followings: The cerebrum; this is the largest portion of the brain, it occupies about 2/3 fractions of the human brain. The cerebral hemisphere is separated into two by a longitudinal fissure. The two hemispheres are joined by a fibre called corpus callosum that consists of long bundles of closely packed nerve fibres of about 10cm long. The corpus callosum has about 200 million of nerve fibres. The cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes by three deep grooves called fissures. From the front part of the brain to the back is known as the Frontal lobe, the Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe and Occipital. The right part of the brain controls the left part of the body while the left part of the brain controls the right. Frontal lobe- It is involved in inner monitoring of complex thoughts, actions and creative ideas. The anterior (front) portion of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex. The posterior (back) of the frontal lobe consists of the motor and premotor areas. Nerve cells that produce movement are located in the motor areas. Temporal lobe- it helps in the decoding and interpretation of sounds. It is the centre for memory and emotions. It also helps in language comprehension. Occipital lobe it decodes and interprets the visual information, such as shapes and colours. Parietal lobe- it is the main area for feelings, touch, hot, cold and pain. It takes different bits of information from the surroundings, organises it and communicates it to other part of the brain. The cerebral cortex; this is the outside surface of the cerebrum with a layer of 2-4mm thick. It has a greyish brown look, and it is referred to as the gray matter. The surface of cerebral cortex is divided into large number of folds, which increases the surface area of the brain. The Diencephalon it is made up of mainly subcortical nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus. . Thalamus it lays crossway to the cerebrum. The thalamus plays an important part in the link between the sense organs and cerebral cortex. It receives bulk of incoming signal from the sense organs. It also determines the source of signals, evaluates their importance integrates them and passes them to the cerebrum. Hypothalamus it lies in the base of thalamus, weighs about 4 gm with a small vascularised structure. It is only about 1/300 of the total brain mass. It incorporates and manages visceral activities. It maintains homeostasis and the bodys internal equilibrium. The hypothalamus corrects the rate of heart beat and respiration whenever they go wrong. It is known as the control centre for fight and flight (Control Mind, 2010). The mid brain; this component forms the middle part of the brain. It controls the activity of voluntary muscles. It is made up of four small lobes called the corpora quadrigemina. The upper part is colliculi which receives sensory informations from eyes and muscles of the head; it controls all the visual reflexes and coordinates the movements of the head and eyes. The lower part control part of colliculi and receives sensory impulses from the ears and muscles of the head. (Control Mind, 2010). The hind brain; It is made up of the followings: Cerebellum; it is the second largest part of the brain and it consists of two cerebral hemispheres. They are located at the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. The cerebellum assists in the maintenance posture and balance of the body. It plays an important role in controlling the fast muscular activities of the brain, e.g., running and talking. Medulla Oblongata; this is the posterior part of the brain which links the other parts of the brain to the spinal cord. The medulla controls the subconscious activities, e.g., digestion and breathing. Brain stem; it is part of the brain that controls basic functions that are necessary for maintaining blood pressure, eye movements, heartbeat, swallowing and breathing. Pons Varoli; it is the base of the brain stem. It connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. It relays the information between cerebrum and cerebellum. It is the part of the brain that controls arousal and control respiration (Quizlet, 2010).