UN ID Number Definition for Chemicals

A United Nations Number –Â  also called a UN number or UN ID –Â  is a four digit code used to identify flammable and harmful chemicals. Non-hazardous chemicals are not given UN numbers. UN numbers are assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and range from UN0001 to about UN3534. However, UN 0001, UN 0002, and UN 0003 are no longer in use. In some cases, specific chemicals are assigned a UN ID, while in other cases, a number can apply to a group of products with similar properties. If a chemical behaves differently as a liquid than as a solid, two different numbers may be assigned. For the most part, NA numbers (North America numbers) from the United States Department of Transportation are identical to UN numbers. In some cases, a NA number exists where a UN number has not been assigned.There are a few exceptions, including the identifier for asbestos and that for non-pressurized self-defense spray. Use of UN Numbers The primary purpose for the codes is to regulate modes of transport for hazardous chemicals and provide key information for emergency response teams in the event of an accident. The codes may also be used to identify storage incompatibilities. UN Number Examples UN numbers are only assigned for hazardous materials, such as explosives, oxidizers, toxins, and flammable substances. The first number in modern use is UN0004, is for ammonium picrate, present at less than 10% by mass. The UN for acrylamide is UN2074. Gunpowder is identified by UN0027. Air bag modules are indicated by UN0503.

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture Essay - 1228 Words

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture What is it that we mean when we say ‘the architecture of the city’? What are cities planned to be? Why should we plan anything? When we plan ahead, we perhaps have a goal in mind. What is this goal, for an architect or an urban designer? Simply putting it, their goal is to make environments in which man can live in ways better than he could before. Right from the early times, when shelter meant only a roof over ones head, or when taking shelter meant seeking protection inside a cave or getting under the tree cover, man sought to improve his living conditions. He sought shelter that was more comfortable than the one he had before. From caves and trees, man moved to mud huts and†¦show more content†¦We live our lives through our daily experiences. Each of us gathers a new set of experiences every day that are different from those of any other of our fellow beings. What we are is an outcome of the experiences we have had. And therefore, what I am, decides what I do. My needs are based on my experiences in life. How am I to know what the needs are of all the people on this earth? Must not the people, all of them, think sometimes about the spaces we design for them and how these affect their lives? Why should people accept what architects give them? Does an architect know so much about life to take all decisions about living environments on his own? I begin to think about the experiences within different environments that I have had in recent times. How do my surroundings affect me? What are the thought patterns that these environments generate? There are images reproduced in my mind in the form of mental sketches, that my mind captured, at the beach, on the street, within a building, on the bus or in the church. Usually, of the human senses, it is the eye that over-rides the others. While the eyes see, visual images form in the mind. These images come together. The mind derives meaning in their coming together. This meaning takes the form of tho ught. So, a thought occurs. likewise It is followed by another thought. Visual images are the unbiased pictures seen through the viewfinder of the eyes camera, but the thought patternsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Modern and Post-Modernism Architecture 1070 Words   |  5 PagesThere is often some confusion when people start talking about the post-modernism and modernism in architecture in terms of   their philosophical terminology differences. Modern architecture is known for its minimalism (Linder, 2004); buildings were functional and economical rather than comfortable and beautifully decorated. 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Religion, Gods, and the heavens where the key factors in creating Mesopotamian Ziggurats, Egyptian Pyramids, Greek Temples, Christian Basilicas, Islamic Mosques, andRead MoreThe Concept Of Modern Design1483 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpreted in many ways, but in all, it strives to create a lasting form that will withstand generations. Throughout time architecture is not only shaped by the aesthetics of stylistic design but also the emotional impact a building can create. After witnessing the horrors from the First World War people wanted an alternative or a ‘return to order,’ and began to favor architecture that was more charming and organic, promoting the philosophy of harmony between individuals and their homes. Combining withRead MoreThe Psychology of Architecture Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesArchitecture is a fascinating business that encompasses the art and science of designing with the construction of buildings. An architect designs all kind of buildings, such as schools, churches, houses, restaurants, and more. This profession has been around since the 1st century CE when Vitruvius, a Roman architect, called it De architectura. Architects have to have a wide range of knowledge. For example they need to have good communications skill, so they can take the information of what a clientRead MoreThe Metaphor Of Architecture In Ayn Rands Fountainhead1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Metaphor of Architecture in The Fountainhead At the outset of her novel The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand delivers an unorthodox artistic theme. Unlike other conventional art forms like poetry, painting, or music that dwell upon human emotion, the unique theme bears its roots within the realm of reason and rational thought. The art of architecture is observed as the medium for which the implied values of selfishness, individuality, and independence are revealed. In formalizing the essentialRead MoreSustainable Architecture993 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Green Architecture† has been popularized and as a result a modicum of energy efficiency has increased and also it has substantiated a new perspective, a new versatile way on architecture. Now days, the world is intended to be in a worst scenario ever imagined. Climates, global warming and furthermore problems. However, I have noticed new changes, universally speaking, yet renewable energy has also been popularized to our world and I addition, it became part of Sustainable Architecture. â€Å"Sustainable

Scarface Free Essays

To The History And Theory Of Film (HA1148) Assessment 1: Essay Plan The question which I will be attempting to answer is number 1) Write a close film analysis of a short (5 -15 mins. ) sequence/scene from a module – related film. Your analysis should consider at least four of the elements of film form discussed on the module: mise-en-sce? ne, editing, cinematography, shot type, camera movement, sound and narrative function. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarface or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the connotation of these aspects, i. e. how do they contribute to the meaning, character, story or mood?I will be basing my discussion on the 1983 film Scarface directed by Brian De Palma. The scene I intend to focus on is the final scene of the film which I like to call â€Å"Tony’s downfall† which lasts for about ten minutes. I aim to talk about the following film forms: mise-en-sce? ne, camera movement, sound and narrative function. A little summary and backdrop of some of the issues surrounding the film are also necessary for critical analysis. Many of Brian De Palma’s films share the same techniques, but there are many differences aswell.The director seems to have a liking of gangster films producing two classics, â€Å"The Untouchables† and â€Å"Scarface. † These films share many similarities but are filmed from two different perspectives, from the side of the mafia, (Scarface), and from the side of the police, (The Untouchables). Both the films conclude with main mafia gangster paying for his crimes, but in very different ways. The similarities of the suspense music and film techniques used in De Palma’s films are very noticeable.One of Brian De Palma’s strongest points in his film making techniques is his ability to create suspense. I will be elaborating on this in my essay when talking about the use of Sound and the meaning and impact it attempts to create. There are issues of the American Dream and the Cuban crime wave to consider and how they intersperse together in the film and what influence they had within the film. The film follows the life of Tony Montana and his close friend Manny Ray otherwise known as Manolo from their trip on the Cuban Boat Lift for refugees, to their arrival in Miami.After killing a powerful Cuban figure, Montana and company gain the ability to leave their refugee camps and roam around the U. S. After unsuccessfully trying to make it legitimately in the country, Montana and Manny resort to selling cocaine to  dealers around the world. De Palma altered the conventional narrative form in which you might expect from a gangster film. You might get the typical gangster who’s a badass straight away and continues on a very predictable path, but De Palma who films the narrative form from the gangster’s point of view shows us (the audience) a more in depth lifestyle of a gangster.De Palma portrays the failure of the American Dream, the modern view being that attaining power and happiness. In Scarface, Tony Montana attempts this dream and believed that he would have been happy once achieving power, but of course we know too well what happens.Bibliography: http://twgsbmedia08asgroup1. blogspot. com/2008/10/scarface-analysis. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/films/2001/02/08/scarface_1983_review. shtml How to cite Scarface, Papers

How Leadership Influences Culture and Theories of Leadership at Enron

Questions: Describe Leadership in Enron. Explain the following: 1. How what happened at Enron can be explained by some of the theories of leadership? 2. How leadership influences culture? 3. How to minimize the type of unethical behavior demonstrated above? Answers: Introduction Leadership originates when there is a relationship. The basic human relationship involves two people, though a relationship can involve a lot of people for instance in an organization. To fulfill an objective in a relationship, people normally differ in their way of perceiving things and in other various ways. Hence, leadership is always needed in such situations to prevent scandals that may rise due to everyone wanting their will to predominate. Leadership enables decision making to be an easy process because if a person differs then he or she would have to give up his or idea, hence forming a hierarchy. Leadership is very important but if it is not appropriate then would fail in achieving the objects set. For instance, Enron had the potential to grow. Because of the leadership style and the type of leaders it had it ended up bankrupt and failing. Thus, leadership is a crucial aspect for the success of the organization. Enron Company The story concerns Enron which is the United States based company. The Company began in 1986 after the merging of Houston natural gas and Internoth. Enron grew into a big company and ventured into producing many different products and services relating to natural gas, electricity, and communications. It had 22,000 employees as at the statistics of 2001. But due to insolvency, Enron collapsed. This was mainly influenced by the market losing confidence in Enron due to the profit and asset write down. The main reason why Enron had collapsed was because it had a lot of imaginary assets and expected earnings which were to lay a foundation for their objective, to rise into a fortune. In the meanwhile, the company had large of debts which were kept secret. From the year 1997 to summer 2001, the company reports had exclusive results that showed that the company met or exceeded their rising targets. The management developed a false partnership that resulted in the sale of assets. The dispute developed among the executives leading to the draining of the companys funds. Creating blackout in California and raising the electricity prices was an example of unethical practice performed by the executives of Enron. The CEO in an interview defended this act saying that the company acted according to the rules set to the marketplace. The CEO resigned later and sold all his stock in the company. The company appointed a new CEO. He tried to bring out the value of the companys shares by talking to investors and the public to ensure that the direction in which Enron was heading to was the right one. Despite this, the other executives were selling their shares. The management of Enron failed in executing their responsibilities. They had a role to ensure that every employees action is for the benefit of the company. However, this was not the case as even some of the executives were involved in the scandals. The leadership of any organization is done by the executives. Their actions influence greatly the actions of other employees and hence they should always act to the very best of the organization. Enron was not an exception thus the bad actions of the executive and senior management lead to the failure of the company. The culture adopted by Enron also contributed to its failure. The business culture constituted of individualism and it lead to the erosion of employees ethics. The company gave bonuses to those who had high amounts of profits and sacked out employees with low amounts of profit. This encouraged the employees to manipulate the amounts of profits they had. It should be that rewards and bonuses should be given according to the way an employee has delivered the ethical values and not according to the results obtained as in the case of Enron. It is beyond doubt that Enron gave appraisal to those employees with the unethical behaviors and disregarded the employees who were true . Due to the inappropriate leadership of Enron, the company went down in United History as one that had the largest and most complex corruption case. This had a lot of effects on very many people, both investors, and employees. (1). There are various theories of leadership and this include; behavioral theory, great man theory, trait theory, contingency theory, transactional leadership theory, and transformational theory. The great man theory began in the 19th century. It says that the traits of leadership comes from within and cannot be obtained. According to this theory, leaders are destined right from their time of birth (Lussier Achua, 2015. This theory came about as a result of studying the heroes and legends. The trait theory generally identifies characters in an individual that makes him or her to naturally be a good leader (Northouse, 2015). Such qualities include; critical thinking, intelligence, problem-solving skills among many others. The theory identifies some of the social, physical, and mental characteristics that make one to be a great leader. This theory has got a limitation because not all those who have the leadership qualities make good leaders. Behavioral theory is more or less the same as t he trait theory. This theory is mainly concerned about the behaviors of the leaders in contrast to their mental, physical and social qualities (Shek Chung, 2015). This theory proves that a person can become a good leader even if he or she does not pose the leadership qualities. Behavioral theory is analyzed into categories; analyzing behaviors according to the task performed by the leader and the behaviors according to how the leader interacts with people. Contingency theory outlines that there are no particular ways of leading as the leadership style to be adopted will depend on the situation at hand. The transactional leadership theory outlines that the leadership style to be used will depend on the relationship of the leader and his followers. In this case, both the leader and the follower are to benefit (Miner, 2015). For this theory to be effective, the leader must find a way on how to set regulations for the performances of the followers. For instance rewarding a follower for good performance and punishing a follower in the case of a bad performance. The transactional theory is usually applicable in the case where there goals and objectives set that are to be achieved. Transformational leadership theory mainly majors on the interaction between a leader and follower that increases motivation on both sides. In this theory, the leader should be able to transform their followers positively through their nature and good personalities. The above leadership theories were observed in the case study described above. In this case, the behavioral theory was more dominant than the others. The behaviors of an individual will determine the kind of a leader he or she is. In Enron did not have acceptable behaviors, they engaged in unethical acts and lied to the public by manipulating their earnings and hiding their losses. From search behaviors, the behavioral theory refers to those leaders as incapable. Transactional leadership theory was also applicable in Enron. Enron was a company that had set goals and objectives. There had to be a relationship between the executives and employees that both had to benefit. In order not to put the benefits of the set objectives, rules and policies are policies are always put that are to be adhered to. In the case of Enron, the leaders neglected their duties and the companys objectives and pursued their personal interest. Most of the employees also followed the example that had been set b y their leaders. In most organizations, employees are not always aware of what should be done and need leaders to show them away. In such a case transformational leadership theory is applied, where the leaders actions and nature transform the employees. The transformational theory was negatively applied at Enron where the employees engaged in negative actions. However, the type of leadership thus not defines how great a leader is but instead, it will depend on the leader. Hence, leaders should always aim at giving positive impacts to their followers. (2). Culture can be defined as the values of an organization and this will influence how individuals in an organization behave. A good culture is one that aims at the diversity and influencing the actions of the employees to adhere to the strategies set (Li , 2016). Leadership can be influenced by culture in the following ways; Through the visions and strategies put in place by the leaders. In order to achieve the objectives, strategies that would help achieve the objective are always important to put in place to help set regulations that employees are to adhere to. In the case of Enron, the strategies in place were not so effective and hence did not create a culture that would the Employees to achieve objectives. Through the leaders putting in place ethics that support specific values. The implementation of the actions is what counts. Ethics are developed to demonstrate values to the employees. It is advisable for leaders to perform actions that bring out the values. And as such leaders should be able to lead by examples. Such type of leadership would lead to the formation of an ethical culture where values are not just spoken of but are performed. The developed values should be used to achieve the companys set objectives. Developing a plan that will help in empowering the employees. This a situation where the leader gives his or her followers power to make the decision on their own. In the case of an organization, the employee empowered is given responsibility, authority and will be accountable for each and every action that he or she performs (Markus Kitayama, 1991. It is also a way of creating leadership in all units of the organization. Empowerment helps in creating a sense of responsibilities in the employees and also to show that they can be entrusted. Each and every organization should always try to empower their employees since it does not create a sense of responsibility but it also nurtures their leadership skills. (3). Due to the Enrons unethical behavior, electricity prices in California were raising and this became expensive for the residents. The rise in prices was due to blackouts. The following are ways in which such unethical behaviors can be reduced: a. Putting in place policies and practices that would regulate how an employee performs his or her duties. The policies will also help in identifying and reporting cases on those who violate the ethical code of conduct. Policies are not just enough but putting them into practice will make them more effective. b. The employees to be employed should have the qualifications for the work. When an employee has enough experience then he or she is able to understand the importance of keeping up to the policies even without being followed up. He or she will also be able to make right decisions when faced with a situation where the choice counts. Such employees are vital for the development of the organization. c. The roles of each employee should be clearly defined to each and every person. This will make them understand the objectives, policies and the reasons for putting them in place in an organization. Organizing training and seminars for the employees would help enforce this. d. Developing the necessary control measures. This could be action control among others. These controls ensure that the employees do their work as it is required of them. The controls should always aim at upholding values in an employee and not to rely on results because some good results are not obtained in the right way. Conclusion Enron even to date is still being used to set an example to other organizations over the unethical practices that lead to its collapse. For such a case not be repeated every organization must ensure that its leadership style is one that would influence ethical practices among members to ensure positive results that would help in its growth. References Berry, L.M. and Houston, J.P., 1993. Psychology at work. WCB/McGraw-Hill. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., 1975. Intrinsic motivation. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Drucker, P.F., 2007. Management challenges for the 21st century. Routledge. Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K.H., 1993. Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources . Prentice-Hall, Inc. Levi, D., 2016. Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Li, Y., 2016. The Impact of Leadership Behavior on Employee Engagement (Doctoral dissertation, LAWRENCE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY). Lussier, R. and Achua, C., 2015. Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Markus, H.R. and Kitayama, S., 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), p.224. Miner, J.B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mitchell, R., Boyle, B., Parker, V., Giles, M., Chiang, V. and Joyce, P., 2015. Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), pp.217-239. Murphy, S.E. and Johnson, S.K., 2016. Leadership and Leader Developmental Self Efficacy: Their Role in Enhancing Leader Development Efforts. New directions for student leadership, 2016(149), pp.73-84. Ng, E.S. and Stephenson, J., 2015. Individuals, Teams, and Organizational Benefits of Managing Diversity. The Oxford Handbook of Diversity in Organizations, p.235. Northouse, P.G., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Prochaska, F., Sampayo, J. and Carter, B., 2015. DISC Factors. Available at SSRN 2686882. Ros, M., Schwartz, S.H. and Surkiss, S., 1999. Basic individual values, work values, and the meaning of work. Applied psychology, 48(1), pp.49-71. Shek, D.T. and Chung, P. eds., 2015. Promoting Service Leadership Qualities in University Students: The Case of Hong Kong (Vol. 6). Springer.

Legal Drinking Age free essay sample

The social, health and emotional problems associated with alcohol abuse have led some politicians and commentators to suggest that the legal drinking age should be raised from 18 years to 21 years. Do you agree? Give reasons and supporting evidence for your answer. The issue of whether Australia should raise the legal drinking age to twenty-one or keep it at eighteen is a widely debated topic, this essay will educate and argue points in favour of the drinking age being raised. write my essay for me Alcohol is the most widely consumed drug in the world (Shannon 2002), and is the most prevailing drug used by Australian high school students (Yalom 1996). In Australia, it is illegal for people under the age of eighteen to buy, receive, possess, or drink alcohol in a hotel or other public place such as streets, parks and beaches (Shannon 2002). Reducing alcohol consumption by young people through a raise in the drinking age should be a priority for the Australian community and government. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Drinking Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will attempt to argue three main points in favour of the Australian legal alcohol drinking age being raised from eighteen years to twenty-one years. Firstly, the dangerously close ages of legally consuming alcohol and legally driving a motor vehicle; secondly, the health issues related to the consumption of alcohol amongst young people; and thirdly, some positive points that have come from the United States after the drinking age was raised from eighteen to twenty-one. In Australia, a person can, at the earliest, gain their drivers licence at the age of seventeen; only one year before s/he can legally consume alcohol. Drink driving is one of the greatest problems caused by alcohol. Biddulph (2003), states that drivers under the influence of alcohol suffer from impaired vision, perception, judgement, and reaction due to the effect on the central nervous system that alcohol has. Biddulph also states that due to slower reaction times, limited coordination, and lack of attentiveness, which are all crucial to driving, young drivers become increasingly prone to being injured or even killed in a car accident. A report by the National Drug Research Institute in 2000 found that alcohol was involved in one third of all serious car accidents in Australia, causing more than 400 road deaths and 7700 serious road injuries on average per year (Shannon 2002, page 14). Car accidents caused by drivers under the influence do not always end in the driver being injured or killed, many times the lives of innocent people are ruined because of another person’s foolishness and lack of awareness. The penalties received for driving under the influence may be harsh, but they are relatively insignificant when compared to the costs in lives of many accidents caused by drink drivers. By raising the drinking age to twenty-one, the Australian government would be protecting the people most likely to suffer from alcohol related harm, because the likelihood of people contributing to such harm would have been lowered. Young people will become more experienced, safer drivers on the roads and be less tempted to drive after consuming alcohol, which will, in turn, lower the number of possible accidents on Australian roads through the act of raising the legal drinking age in Australia to twenty-one. As well as the issues involved with driving under the influence, there are many health issues that come with drinking alcohol at a young age. Shannon (2002) explains that younger people do not have enough experience with alcohol to know how much is too much, which is why many young people result in getting intoxicated and drunk at social gatherings. By drinking too much alcohol, which many people around 17-19 do, great strain is put on the organs in a body, especially the liver and the brain. Scientists have told us that the brain does not finish developing until a person is twenty years of age; the final part of the brain to develop is the part that makes responsible judgements (Shannon 2002). Through drinking alcohol at the young age of eighteen, critical brain development is damaged and irresponsible choices and judgements will most probably result. By raising the drinking age to twenty-one, the brain is able to fully develop every part, ensuring a healthy future. Other health issues directly related to drinking at a young age include a loss of memory, a poor school performance, and possible injuries and mortalities. When young people drink excessively, they will begin to notice a decreasing level of memory. Biddulph (2003) tells us that up to ten per cent of a person’s memory can be lost within a given period. Memory loss is the most noticeable complaint of young people. At age seventeen a person graduates from their last year of high school; in the year of s/he turning eighteen they begin their further studies at university or TAFE. The average time spent doing further education is approximately four years, from eighteen to the year a person turns twenty-one. During these vital first years of further education, under the current drinking law, a person has the freedom to be under the influence of alcohol, harming the brains development and also creating a loss of memory, neither of which would help a person undergoing further studying. Additionally, alcohol can also be directly related to a poor school performance by a person. This is because a poor performance academic wise has been linked with young alcohol abuse (Biddulph 2003). Alcohol decreases a student’s ability to consistently meet the rigors of school work, because alcohol abuse clouds a person’s mental capacities and influences motivation and attitudes about achievement. Thirdly, alcohol can ignite possible injuries and mortalities. A study shows that alcohol caused more than 100,000 deaths annually, and one person every two minutes is injured in an alcohol related accident in the United States (Biddulph 2003). As alcohol consumption increases, so to does the likelihood of traffic accidents, deaths, and criminal violence. Healey (2007) states that â€Å"Young people engaged in more risky behaviours when they drink, 25% of people aged 18-24 experienced alcohol related injuries, compared to 18% of adults†. He also found that â€Å"50% of cases of domestic, physical and sexual violence† amongst young people were due to being under the influence of alcohol (page 37). By raising the legal drinking age, young people will be supported in their studies, helping them in the long run both academically and physically in relation to their health. The third major point in favour of a raised drinking age are the positives that have come from the United States after they raised the legal age from eighteen to twenty-one. Drinking alcohol should be delayed for as long as possible, this is because the older teenagers are before starting to drink, the less likely they are to use alcohol excessively. Initially, the United States’ main aim of raising the legal drinking age was to reduce the serious consequences that alcohol has on youth, which in Lenk (2009)’s opinion, has been a success. By raising the drinking age to an age of greater maturity, alcohol abuse is decreased. Evidence from the United States shows us that lowering the legal drinking age increased consumption as well as related problems; while increasing the drinking age has reduced problems and ultimately saved the lives of many young people (Lenk 2009). Given that young Australian lives are at risk, we cannot afford to forget what a cost to America an eighteen drinking age was and how much of a success a raised twenty-one years drinking age was. George Santayana (historian) once said â€Å"Those who cannot remember their past are condemned to repeat it† (Lenk 2009, page 7). In conclusion, the physical consequences and health problems surrounded by consuming alcohol in addition to the proven success of the United States raised legal drinking age has proved that Australia too should raise the legal drinking age to twenty-one years. Through the evidence provided it is clear that a person’s health can be greatly damaged permanently because at the age of eighteen, a person’s body is not fully developed or capable of taking large amounts of alcohol when compared to a person at the age of twenty-one who has greater maturity levels, more life experience, and a fully developed brain as well as other organs. At age eighteen, a person has a greater vulnerability to alcohol and its effects, leaving them more likely to indulge in risky behaviour. Therefore, to protect not only the lives of Australia’s youth, but also of all Australians, raising the drinking age to twenty-one years of age is the best choice to make as it comes with more positives than an eighteen legal alcohol consumption age does. Reference list Biddulph, S. (2003). Alcohol: What’s a parent to believe? Minnesota: Hazelden. Pp:34, 37-39. Healey, J. (2007). Alcohol abuse. Australia: The Spinney Press. Pp: 1, 3, 11-13, 19, 27-31. Lenk, L. Nelson, T. Toomey, T. The age-21 minimum legal drinking age. Policy case studies Pp: 1, 7. Doi: 10. 1111/j. 1360-04 43. 2009. 027 42. x Shannon, M. (2002). Drugs in Australia: alcohol. Australia: Binara Publishing Pty Ltd. Pp:4-16. Yalom, I. (1996). Treating adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pp: 77-78.

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution Arnold Expedition - Conflict Dates: The Arnold Expedition took place from September to November 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Arnold Expedition - Army Commander: Colonel Benedict Arnold1,100 men Arnold Expedition - Background: Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen approached the Second Continental Congress with arguments in favor of invading Canada.   They felt this a prudent course as all of Quebec was held by around 600 regulars and intelligence indicated that the French-speaking population would be favorably inclined towards the Americans.   Additionally, they pointed out that Canada could serve as a platform for British operations down Lake Champlain and the Hudson Valley.   These arguments were initially rebuffed as Congress expressed concern over angering the residents of Quebec.   As the military situation shifted that summer, this decision was reversed and Congress directed Major General Philip Schuyler of New York to advance north via the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River corridor. Unhappy that he had not been chosen to lead the invasion, Arnold traveled north to Boston and met with General George Washington whose army was conducting a siege of the city.   During their meeting, Arnold proposed taking a second invasion force north via Maines Kennebec River, Lake Mà ©gantic, and Chaudià ¨re River.   This would then unite with Schuyler for a combined assault on Quebec City.   Corresponding with Schuyler, Washington obtained the New Yorkers agreement with Arnolds proposal and gave the colonel permission to commence planning the operation.   To transport the expedition, Reuben Colburn was contracted to build a fleet of bateaux (shallow draft boats) in Maine. Arnold Expedition - Preparations: For the expedition, Arnold selected a force of 750 volunteers which was divided into two battalions led by Lieutenant Colonels Roger Enos and Christopher Greene.   This was augmented by companies of riflemen led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Morgan.   Numbering around 1,100 men, Arnold expected his command to be able to cover the 180 miles from Fort Western (Augusta, ME) to Quebec in around twenty days.   This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61.   Though Montresor was a skilled military engineer, his map lacked detail and possessed inaccuracies.   Having gathered supplies, Arnolds command moved to Newburyport, MA where it embarked for the Kennebec River on September 19.   Ascending the river, it arrived at Colburns home in Gardiner the next day. Coming ashore, Arnold was disappointed in the bateaux constructed by Colburns men.   Smaller than anticipated, they were also built from green wood as sufficient dried pine had not been available.   Briefly pausing to permit additional bateaux to be assembled, Arnold dispatched parties north to Forts Western and Halifax.   Moving upstream, the bulk of the expedition reached Fort Western by September 23.   Departing two days later, Morgans men took the lead while Colburn followed the expedition with a group of boatwrights to make repairs as necessary.   Though the force reached the last settlement on the Kennebec,  Norridgewock Falls, on October 2,  problems were already widespread as the green wood led to the bateaux leaking badly which in turn destroyed food and supplies.   Similarly, worsening weather caused health issues throughout the expedition.   Ã‚         Arnold Expedition - Trouble in the Wilderness: Forced to portage the bateaux around Norridgewock Falls, the expedition was delayed for a week due to the effort required to move the boats overland.   Pushing on, Arnold and his men entered the Dead River before arriving at the Great Carrying Place on October 11.   This portage around an unnavigable stretch of the river stretched for twelve miles and included an elevation gain of around 1,000 feet.   Progress continued to be slow and supplies became an increasing concern.   Returning to the river on October 16, the expedition, with Morgans men in the lead, battled heavy rains and a strong current as it pushed upstream.   A week later, disaster struck when several bateaux carrying provisions overturned.   Calling a council of war, Arnold decided to press on and dispatched a small force north to attempt to secure supplies in Canada.   Also, the sick and injured were sent south. Trailing behind Morgan, Greenes and Enos battalions increasingly suffered from a lack of provisions and were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax.   While Greenes men resolved to continue, Enos captains voted to turn back.   As a result, around 450 men departed the expedition.   Nearing the height of land, the weaknesses of Montresors maps became apparent and the lead elements of the column repeatedly became lost.   After several missteps, Arnold finally reached  Lake Mà ©gantic on October 27 and began descending the upper Chaudià ¨re a day later.   Having achieved this goal, a scout was sent back to Greene with directions through the region.   These proved inaccurate and a further two days were lost.    Arnold Expedition - Final Miles: Encountering the local population on October 30, Arnold distributed a letter from Washington asking them to assist the expedition.   Joined on the river by the bulk of his force the next day, he received food and care for his sick from those in the area.   Meeting Jacques Parent, a resident of Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned that the British were aware of his approach and had ordered all boats on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to be destroyed.   Moving down the  Chaudià ¨re, the Americans arrived at Pointe-Levi, across from Quebec City, on November 9.   Of Arnolds original force of 1,100 men, around 600 remained.   Though he had believed the route to be around 180 miles, in actuality it had totaled approximately 350. Arnold Expedition - Aftermath: Concentrating his force at the mill of John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman, Arnold began making plans for crossing the St. Lawrence.   Purchasing canoes from the locals, the Americans crossed on the night of November 13/14 and were successful in evading two British warships in the river.   Approaching the city on November 14, Arnold demanded its garrison surrender.   Leading a force consisting of around 1,050 men, many of which were raw militia, Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean refused.   Short on supplies, with his men in poor condition, and lacking artillery, Arnold withdrew to  Pointe-aux-Trembles five days later to await reinforcements. On December 3, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who had replaced an ill Schuyler, arrived with around 300 men.   Though he had moved up Lake Champlain with a larger force and captured Fort St. Jean on the  Richelieu River, Montgomery had been forced to leave many of his men as garrisons at Montreal and elsewhere along the route north.   Assessing the situation, the two American commanders decided to assault Quebec City on the night of December 30/31.   Moving forward, they were repelled with heavy losses in the Battle of Quebec and Montgomery was killed.   Rallying the remaining troops, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to depart with the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was compelled to retreat following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being beaten at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, the Americans were forced to retreat back into N ew York, ending the invasion of Canada.      Ã‚         Selected Sources: Arnold Expedition Historical SocietyArnolds Expedition to QuebecMaine Encyclopedia: Arnold Expedition

Human motivation midterm essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human motivation midterm essays - Essay Example It explains human behavior as it is supposed to be an inborn tendency that directs it. Along with need theories learning theories it bore traces of Darwinian concepts. The problem with the instinct theories is that it ignores the interaction between an individual and an environment. According to Landy and Conte (2006), this is the reason why the need theories replaced it in popularity. Citing Maslow’s notion, they explained that need theory is an improvement over the former because it allowed for the environment to play a role in motivated behavior by suggesting that when one set of needs was satisfied by external forces, the next higher set of needs are activated. (p. 334) The person as â€Å"godlike† is one concept shared by cognitive, learning and humanistic theories of motivations. Here, there is an assumption that humans are rational and that there is a faculty of discernment when it comes to actions - its results and its relationship to goal-attainment. Each of these theories is universal in terms of their notion of rationality, their ideas of the human body as well as its needs. Furthermore, the traces of Freudian and Darwinian influences in these theories reinforce their appeal in this regard. The theory of obesity is mostly confined to the cognitive categories in theorizing human motivations. Barbara Dossey enumerated what the theories focus on: overeating behaviors as totally determined by learned responses; negative self-talk that triggers the desire to eat and overeat; negative body images that can contaminate self-concept to drive overeating behaviors; as well as the self-monitoring and response control as a way of correcting it. (p. 313) Meanwhile, to compare scientifically, the overweight notion is a condition of increased body weight in relation to height and is determined by a certain standard of acceptable weight; on the other hand, the concept of obesity is the accumulation of excess fat for one’s age and body type.